Abstract
Cyclins belong to a group of proteins that are cyclically produced and destructed in a cell. Cyclins are a family of proteins that are a key component of the cell cycle regulating system, which level of expression depends on the phase of the cycle. Cyclins regulate the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk), thanks to which they influence the length of individual phases of the cell cycle and also determine whether the cell can enter the next life stage. Proper expression of cyclins plays an important role in processes such as proliferation, transcription, DNA repair and cell differentiation. However, dysregulation of their expression is one of the most important disorders leading to the development of different types of cancer, which suggests that cyclins can be defined as a prognostic marker. Currently, we may distinguish >10 members of the cyclins family participating in the division of human cells. The group of less known cyclins includes C, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, O, T and Y cyclins. The present report demonstrates the current state of knowledge considering less known cyclins and their role in normal and cancer cells.
Highlights
The cell cycle is a process in which a series of biophysical and biochemical changes take place
Cyclin C is a protein encoded by the CCNC gene, which is located in position 16.2 on chromosome 6
Based on the studies conducted by Patel et al, 2010 [49] it was found that the mRNA levels of cyclin H and Mat1 required for Cdk7 activity are increased in breast cancer, which indicates an increase in Cdk activating kinase (CAK) complex activity [52]
Summary
The cell cycle is a process in which a series of biophysical and biochemical changes take place. Cdks are present in the cells throughout all cell cycle phases in an inactive form Their activation is a result of the connection with the appropriate cyclin. Maintaining the correct expression of cyclins is crucial for normal cell proliferation and plays a significant role in other cellular processes like transcription, DNA repair and cell differentiation. Disruption of these proteins may lead to abnormal cell proliferation and cancer progression, cancer is often called a cell cycle disease [2,3]. Sci. 2021, 11, 2320 transformation and how new treatment strategies can be designed [4]
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