Abstract
The establishment of Ch'ing rule was not only a victory for the backward Manchu nobility; more seriously, it was a victory for the decadent feudal forces in China. This coalition of internal and external decadent feudal forces caused temporary socioeconomic stagnation in the early Ch'ing, which was particularly manifest in the rural economic land system. However, the strength of the laboring masses in their productive struggles is great and the wheel of social development cannot be stopped. Feudal society in China on the eve of the Opium War was already in a stage of near collapse, symptoms of which could also be found in the land system.
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