Abstract
Whereas previous chapters put Navalny and his movement front and centre, this chapter reverses the perspective, showing how the Kremlin has reacted to the challenges that Navalny and others have mounted against Putin’s authoritarian rule. The chapter focuses on five dimensions: public regime support; freedom of information; civil society; protest; and elections. The chapter documents: (1) how Putin has sought to build emotional connections with Russian citizens; (2) how the Kremlin has made it increasingly difficult to obtain information on officials and their alleged fortunes; (3) how civil society has been divided into those considered desirable and undesirable by the authorities; (4) how the Kremlin's approach to protest has changed from management to blatant repression; and (5) how the opposition and the Kremlin are engaged in an spiral of escalation, resulting in ever-decreasing space for independent politics. The chapter closes with an assessment of the nature of Russia’s political regime.
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