THE KOREAN ISSUE IN cHINA'SNEW DIPLOMACY

Abstract

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. This refers, primarily, to the Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan–Kazakhstan–China gas pipeline that was launched in December 2009; to Lukoil's plans for using this pipeline to supply Uzbek with natural gas; and to decisions taken during Dmitriy Medvedev's visit to China, first and foremost, the inauguration of the Skovorodino–Daqing oil pipeline, connecting the destination point of the ESPO oil pipeline to northeast China, and a detailed plan for the implementation of the Altay gas pipeline project, linking West Siberia to northwest China. See: “Turkmen–China Pipe Opens,” World Gas Intelligence, December 23, 2009; “Lukoil and CNPC May Exchange Assets,” Kommersant, September 28, 2010, <http://www.kommersant.ru/news.aspx?DocsID=1512198>, last accessed October 4, 2010; Jacob Gronholt-Pedersen, “Russia, China Study Long Term Gas Deal,” Wall Street Journal, September 30, 2010, <http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704116004575521433569135028.html#articleTabs_article>, last accessed October 4, 2010. 2. Gao Fei, The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and China's New Diplomacy (The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, 2010). 3. Mikhail Mamonov, “Modern China's System of Foreign Policy Priorities,” in A.D. Bogaturov, ed., Modern World Politics (Moscow: Apekt Press, 2009), p. 418. 4. For example, the settlement of border issues with Vietnam in a 1999 agreement; with Russia in a series of agreements in 1991, 1994, and 2004; as well as continued negotiations with India. Zhang Xinjun, “China's ‘Peaceful Rise, Harmonious’ Foreign Relations and Legal Confrontation,” Eurasia Review, <http://www.eurasiareview.com/201006123096/chinas-peaceful-rise-harmonious-foreign-relations-and-legal-confrontation.html>, last accessed September 27, 2010; Aleksey Borodavkin, “Russia and China: On Path towards Good-Neighborly Relations and Cooperation,” Institute for Far Eastern Studies, <http://www.ifes-ras.ru/pdv/online/120-aaieiaeaaeei-einney-e-eeoae-ii-iooe-aeiaeininaaenoaa-e-nioeoaeiedanoaa> , last accessed September 20, 2010. 5. This view is being conceptually developed in the West, in particular at the Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. See: Maaike Okano-Heijmans and Frans-Paul Van der Putten, “China's Rise and the Changing Rules of the Game in the International Order,” CEPS Commentary, July 6, 2009; Peter Van Bergeijkand Jan Melissen, “Economische diplomaten and Diplomatieke economen” (Economic Diplomats and Diplomatic Economists), International Spectator No. 64 (2), February 2010, pp. 68–69. 6. Zheng Bijian, “China's ‘Peaceful Rise’ to Great-Power Status,” Foreign Affairs, September–October 2005, <http://www.irchina.org/en/news/view.asp?id=397>, last accessed September 17, 2010. 7. Mamonov, “Modern China's System of Foreign Policy Priorities,” p. 417. 8. “China Vows to Revitalize Northeastern Industrial Base,” Chinese Government Official Web Portal, August 3, 2003, <http://www.gov.cn/english/2003-08/13/content_23616.htm>, last accessed November 25, 2009. 9. Yoon Hwy-tak, “China's Northeast Project: Defensive or Offensive Strategy?,” East Asia Review 16 (Winter 2004), pp. 100–101. 10. LNG regasification terminal. 11. World Trade Organization, International Trade Statistics 2009 (Geneva: WTO, 2009), p. 219. 12. Ibid. The author's calculations. 13. Ibid. The author's calculations. 14. The World Fact Book: DPRK, Central Intelligence Agency, <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kn.htm>, last accessed October 19, 2010, the author's calculations. 15. KOTRA, Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency. See: Mika Marumoto, “The Roles of China and South Korea in North Korean Economic Change,” Korea's Economy 24 (2008), pp. 92–105. 16. The World Fact Book: DPRK, Central Intelligence Agency. 17. Stephan Haggard and Marcus Noland, North Korea's External Economic Relations, Working Paper 07-7 (Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, August 2007), pp. 19–20, 28. <http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/wp/wp07-7.pdf>. 18. Andrey Lankov, “North Korea: Notes on Market in Totalitarian Conditions,” http://www.inliberty.ru/library/study/2027/>, last accessed October 20, 2010. 19. Li Dunqiu, “Economic and Social Implications of China-DPRK for China's Northeast,” <http://www.nbr.org/downloads/pdfs/PSA/BS_Conf06_Li.pdf>, last accessed October 20, 2010. 20. Andrey Lankov, “No vse li tak beznadezhno?,” Rossiyskiye Koreytsy, August 2010. 21. “North is No Comrade to South: Talks between Seoul and Pyongyang Fail to End in Success,” Kommersant, September 30, 2010, http://www.kommersant.ru/doc-rss.aspx?DocsID=1513018, last accessed October 4, 2010. 22. Georgiy Toloraya, “Challenges and Opportunities for Russia,” presentation at the seminar on Korean Peninsula organized by the Russkiy Mir Foundation and the Russian National Committee of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific, Moscow, September 21, 2010. 23. Zhang Xinjun, “China's ‘Peaceful Rise,” “Harmonious Foreign Relations and Legal Confrontation,” Eurasia Review, <http://www.eurasiareview.com/201006123096/chinas-peaceful-rise-harmonious-foreign-relations-and-legal-confrontation.html>, last accessed September 27, 2010. 24. Georgiy Toloraya, “Challenges and Opportunities for Russia.” 25. Ibid.