Abstract
On 3 July 2019 a rapid sequence of paroxysmal explosions at the summit craters of Stromboli (Aeolian-Islands, Italy) occurred, followed by a period of intense Strombolian and effusive activity in July, and continuing until the end of August 2019. We present a joint analysis of multi-sensor infrared satellite imagery to investigate this eruption episode. Data from the Spinning-Enhanced-Visible-and-InfraRed-Imager (SEVIRI) was used in combination with those from the Multispectral-Instrument (MSI), the Operational-Land-Imager (OLI), the Advanced-Very High-Resolution-Radiometer (AVHRR), and the Visible-Infrared-Imaging-Radiometer-Suite (VIIRS). The analysis of infrared SEVIRI-data allowed us to detect eruption onset and to investigate short-term variations of thermal volcanic activity, providing information in agreement with that inferred by nighttime-AVHRR-observations. By using Sentinel-2-MSI and Landsat-8-OLI imagery, we better localized the active lava-flows. The latter were quantitatively characterized using infrared VIIRS-data, estimating an erupted lava volume of 6.33×106±3.17×106 m3 and a mean output rate of 1.26 ± 0.63 m3/s for the July/August 2019 eruption period. The estimated mean-output-rate was higher than the ones in the 2002–2003 and 2014 Stromboli effusive eruptions, but was lower than in the 2007-eruption. These results confirmed that a multi-sensor-approach might provide a relevant contribution to investigate, monitor and characterize thermal volcanic activity in high-risk areas.
Highlights
Stromboli is part of the Aeolian archipelago, made of six islands and numerous seamounts, which together constitute a Quaternary volcanic arc located in the southern Tyrrhenian basin
Other sudden anomalous variations of BTMIR(x,y) were recorded in the following days, as indicated by changes in the signal slope marking short-term increments in the intensity of volcanic thermal emissions (e.g., 4 July at 04:15 UTC; 6 July 08:30 UTC). These changes of thermal activity were presumably associated with lava spattering, a small lava flow, and intermittent Strombolian activities occurring at the monitored volcano (e.g., [58])
If on the one side Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat-8 OLI imagery enabled an accurate localization of volcanic thermal anomaly on the other side they did not allow us to assess the presence of an active lava flow during 3–6 July, due to the low temporal sampling
Summary
Stromboli is part of the Aeolian archipelago, made of six islands and numerous seamounts, which together constitute a Quaternary volcanic arc located in the southern Tyrrhenian basin. 10 times higher and can produce the fallout of material up to the area called “Il Pizzo sopra la Fossa”, overlooking the crater terrace; (iii) paroxysmal explosions, of even higher energy, differ from the others due to the involvement of the Stromboli deep feeding system and emit magma which is more fluid magma (or less evolved) and richer in gas. In this last case, an eruption column several kilometers high is formed, with a fallout of coarse material that can reach even the inhabited centers of the island, occasionally forming pyroclastic avalanches and lava flows. Paroxysm is generated: (i) when a greater contribution of deep magma rises quickly breaking into the superficial system [1]; (ii) when the deep magma moves to the surface following the emptying of the upper part of the conduit during a prolonged effusive activity [2,3]; (iii) when the central conduit collapses and closes generating overpressures, due to the opening of an eruptive vent at low altitude (
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