Abstract
To create an Italian version of the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory (PBAPI-I) and evaluate its psychometric properties. The PBAPI was culturally adapted in accordance with international standards. The psychometric testing included factor analysis, investigating reliability by internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and test/retest stability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC), and exploring construct validity by comparing the PBAPI-I with a pain numerical rating scale (NRS), the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score (HADS) and the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory (Pearson's correlation). One hundred and sixty-seven subjects with chronic low back pain (83% compliance) completed the tool. Factor analysis revealed a three-factor (Time, Mystery and Self-Blame), 16-item solution (explained variance: 80%). The questionnaire was internally consistent (α=0.91-0.96), and its stability was good (ICCs=0.73-0.82). As expected, the construct validity estimates indicated that the Time and Mystery subscales moderately correlated with the NRS (r=0.33-0.54), RMDQ (r=0.34-0.47), PCS (r=0.37-0.49) and TSK (r=0.30-0.43), whereas the correlations between the Self-Blame subscale and the same measures were poorer. The correlations with the HADS were moderate and poor (anxiety: r=0.37-0.05; depression: r=0.39-0.07). Maladaptive coping strategies were more related to pain beliefs than adaptive strategies. The PBAPI-I has good psychometric properties that replicate those of other versions.
Highlights
Unhelpful beliefs concerning chronic pain often lead to increased pain perception, maladaptive behaviours, a poorer physical condition and worse treatment responses [1]
Purpose To create an Italian version of the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory (PBAPI-I) and evaluate its psychometric properties
A variety of measures have been developed to address the need for a reliable and valid assessment of thoughts related to chronic pain, including the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory (PBAPI) [1] and the Survey of Pain Attitudes (SOPA) [3]
Summary
Unhelpful beliefs concerning chronic pain often lead to increased pain perception, maladaptive behaviours, a poorer physical condition and worse treatment responses [1]. A variety of measures have been developed to address the need for a reliable and valid assessment of thoughts related to chronic pain, including the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory (PBAPI) [1] and the Survey of Pain Attitudes (SOPA) [3]. The former primarily attracted our attention because it has proven to be an easy and rapidly administered measure for identifying cognitive factors that may benefit from cognitive-behaviourally oriented treatments. The PBAPI is reliable, and satisfactory correlates with measures of pain, disability, psychological disturbances and coping strategies
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