Abstract
ABSTRACT Recently, one of the most important highlighted topics is the vulnerability and interaction of tourism and climate change. In this context, the present paper focuses on how variations in tourism development impact carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which are the main contributors to global warming and climate change by using the Fourier Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (FADL) approach and the impact of the number of tourists and tourism expenditures on CO2 was analyzed with two separate Bootstrap Quantile regressions in the case of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) spanning 1995–2022. The study further applied the Fourier Toda Yamamoto Causality analysis. The results indicate that both the number of tourists and their spending positively impact CO2 and these two models verify one another. The number of tourists, tourism spending, and CO2 have a one-way causal relationship.
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