Abstract
Iron (Fe) poisoning can cause problems on growth, the formation of saplings, and the filling of grains. These problems lead to and plant death or decrease in productivity. The inhibition of growth and production is increasingly higher in susceptible varieties. The distribution of iron concentration varies in different regions and locations of swamp rice farming. Various adverse effects of iron poisoning on rice have been widely reported, but the spatial distribution of iron in tidal fields is still rare. Iron distribution in various soil profile depths has not been widely investigated and data availability to avoid Fe poisoning in tidal swamps has not been widely reported. Spatial distribution of Fe concentrations is needed as a reference for rice cultivation in tidal swamps. This study has been conducted in November 2015 until August 2017 using the survey method in the Barito River area, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The use of thematic maps such as tidal height difference (Δ), tidal flood type, and thickness of mud map. The results showed that the spatial concentration of Fe is highest in the zone I which has the highest difference (Δ) of high tide maximum and low tide maximum. While on the soil profile, the highest of Fe concentration is in layer 1 and the lowest concentration is in layer 3. Based on the overflow type, the highest Fe concentration is typed A and type B especially close to the estuary. To prevent iron poisoning, rice seedlings should reach layer 2 (> 10 cm) and choose the safe zone that is zone II, III, or IV to produce optimal rice production.
Highlights
The yield of rice in tidal swamps is relatively low less than 2.5 tons per hectare with annual cropping intensity
Type B indicated by submerged water during the high tide only
The highest of Fe concentration is in layer 1 of 400-1200 mg kg-1, decreases with increasing in depth until it reached layer 3 with Fe concentration is generally low (
Summary
The yield of rice in tidal swamps is relatively low less than 2.5 tons per hectare with annual cropping intensity. It is primarily due to physicochemical factors, such as iron poisoning. The pyrite layer (FeS2) from a depth of 30-60 cm exposed to soil surface that oxidized and causing this problem. The pyrite layer was oxidized [1]. Iron poisoning can reduce rice yields until 50%, especially in susceptible varieties [2,3,4]. The high solubility of iron is usually followed by the high solubility of aluminum (Al) and manganese (Mn) to toxic levels for rice [5]. In the Dadahup district of Kuala Kapuas, Central Kalimantan, the iron (Fe) distributed with the total concentration of Fe are 122-255 mg kg-1 in Typic Sulfaquent and 54-89 mg kg-1 in Histic Sulfaquent [6]
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