Abstract
This study presents an investigation of the anticancer and antimicrobial ability of a combination of ginger and cannabis extracts in different ratios (1:1, 7:3 and 3:7). Extracts were obtained using various methods (Soxhlet extractions, cold macerations, ultrasonic extractions and supercritical fluid extractions). The antioxidant activity and the presence of total phenols were measured in the extracts, and the effect of the application extracts in various concentrations (c = 50, 20, 10, 5, 1, 0.1, 0.01 mg/mL) on cells was investigated. Higher values of antioxidants were measured at the ratio where ginger was predominant, which is reflected in a higher concentration of total phenols. Depending on the polyphenol content, the extracts were most effective when prepared supercritically and ultrasonically. However, with respect to cell response, the ratio was shown to have no effect on inhibiting cancer cell division. The minimum concentration required to inhibit cancer cell growth was found to be 1 mg/mL. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis also confirmed the effectiveness of ultrasonic and supercritical fluid extraction, as their extracts reached higher cannabinoid contents. In both extractions, the cannabidiol (CBD) content was above 30% and the cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) content was above 45%. In the case of ultrasonic extraction, a higher quantity of cannabigerol (CBG) (5.75 ± 0.18) was detected, and in the case of supercritical fluid extraction, higher cannabichromene (CBC) (5.48 ± 0.13) content was detected, when compared to other extraction methods. The antimicrobial potential of extracts prepared with ultrasonic and supercritical extractions on three microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans) was checked. Ginger and cannabis extract show better growth inhibition of microorganisms in cannabis-dominated ratios for gram-positive bacterium S. aureus, MIC = 9.38 mg/mL, for gram-negative bacterium E. coli, MIC > 37.5 mg/mL and for the C. albicans fungus MIC = 4.69 mg/mL. This suggests guidelines for further work: a 1: 1 ratio of ginger and hemp will be chosen in a combination with supercritical and ultrasonic extraction.
Highlights
The incidence of malignant melanoma, an extremely invasive and metastatic type of skin cancer, is increasing [1]
In previous studies [40], we investigated turmeric demonstratedisthat is a strong source ofa carboxyl group carbon atom double to aneffect oxygen atom) from a activity molecule
This work presents the yields obtained by the extractions performed (SE, Cold Maceration (CM), Ultrasonic Extraction (UE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE))
Summary
The incidence of malignant melanoma, an extremely invasive and metastatic type of skin cancer, is increasing [1]. Natural products derived from plants have already been recognized to possess therapeutic potential for various diseases, including cancer [5]. Plant alkaloids such as catharanthus alkaloids, colchicine, etoposide and taxol [6,7,8,9,10,11] are used as anti-cancer (“antineoplastic” or “cytotoxic”) chemotherapy drugs. Hemp is considered as medicinal plants with health promoting effects, comprising antiinflammatory ability [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a dioecious plant of the order
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