Abstract
The 0.68Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.22Bi0.5K0.5TiO3–0.10Bi0.5Li0.5TiO3 (BNKLT) lead-free ferroelectric ceramics were prepared by the combustion technique. The BNKLT was calcined from 600°C to 850°C for 2 h and sintered from 900°C to 1050°C for 2 h. The XRD diffraction pattern was indexed on the basis of rhombohedral perovskite structure. The secondary phases K4Ti3O8 and K2Ti6O3 were detected in the powders calcined below 750° C. The highest perovskite percentage was observed in the powders calcined above 750°C. The sintered pellets showed single-phase perovskite structure for all samples, which indicated that K+, Bi+ and Li+ ions substituted onto the A-site in the BNKLT lattice to form a solid solution. The increase in sintering temperature up to 1025°C significantly promoted grain growth and microstructure densification. The depolarization temperature (Td) of the sample shifted to higher temperatures whereas the temperature of maximum permittivity (Tmaxε) shifted to lower temperatures with an increase in sintering temperature. The optimum dielectric properties were obtained from the sample sintered at 1025°C with ϵr = 4,340 (at Tmaxε), density (ρ = 5.79 g/cm−3) and shrinkage (∼18.4%).
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