Abstract
Currently, various immunotherapeutic treatments are revolutionizing therapies that treat solid neoplasms. For these treatments, within immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are the most widely used drugs. Diverse studies have shown the influence of diet and probiotics on the response to ICIs and consequently on the survival rates associated with different neoplasms. The use of various antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics has been associated with changes in the gut microbiota, and this, in turn, with resistance to immunotherapy. Together with the above, a lower intake of red meat and greater consumption of a Mediterranean, vegetarian, or vegan diet have led to a new way of understanding the mechanisms of resistance to ICIs. Omega-3 and polyphenol supplements are also powerful regulators of the microbiome whose influence on the immune system. Therefore, this review covers the influence of diet and probiotics on the response to immunotherapy in patients who have solid tumours.
Highlights
Many studies have investigated the relationship of the microbiota’s composition to its functions in human diseases [1,2]
In their study on gnotobiotic mice into which human faecal microbiota had been transplanted, the authors found that the replacement of a diet low in fat and rich in polysaccharides by one with a high fat and sugar content induced a rapid change in the gut microbiota, with an increase in the bacterial groups belonging to the genus Filobacillus and a decrease in those belonging to Bacteroidetes (Turnbaugh et al, 2009) [10]
These bacteria change throughout adult life and interact with the secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) produced by the plasma cells located in the Peyer’s patches and the lamina propria [18]
Summary
Many studies have investigated the relationship of the microbiota’s composition to its functions in human diseases [1,2]. In their study on gnotobiotic mice into which human faecal microbiota had been transplanted, the authors found that the replacement of a diet low in fat and rich in polysaccharides by one with a high fat and sugar content induced a rapid change in the gut microbiota, with an increase in the bacterial groups belonging to the genus Filobacillus and a decrease in those belonging to Bacteroidetes (Turnbaugh et al, 2009) [10]. These results have been confirmed in other studies (Filippo et al, 2010) [11]. That is why the objective of this review is to assess the influence of dietary supplements and diet on the immunotherapeutic treatment of solid tumours
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