Abstract
Innate immunity provides a first line of defense against invading pathogens. The host cell is equipped with a set of germ-line-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognizes the basic structural units that make up microorganisms. These receptors are located on the cell surface, endosomal membrane, and in the cytoplasm. The membrane-bound toll-like receptors (TLRs) serve to detect ligands from the extracellular and endosomal milieu, whereas nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs), the AIM2-like receptors (ALRs) and RIG-I-like receptors provide immune surveillance in the cytoplasm. Of these, NLRs and ALRs have the ability to form an inflammasome, a multi-protein entity with the capacity to activate the cysteine protease caspase-1, and ultimately induce proteolytic cleavage of the proinflammatory cytokines pro-interleukin-1β (pro-IL-1β) and pro-IL-18. Inflammasome activation also engages a violent and proinflammatory form of cell death known as pyroptosis.
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