Abstract
In this study we developed the Chinese Minority Ethnic Value Questionnaire (CMEVQ) and the Chinese Minority Ethnic Value-Expressive Behavior Questionnaire (CMEVEBQ) to assess the importance of ethnicity from the standpoint of diverse ethnic values and behavioral manifestations. Drawing on self-construal theory, social identity theory, and value theory, we conducted a review of literature, in-depth interviews, semi-structured questionnaires, and expert reviews. A total of 18 items for the CMEVQ and CMEVEBQ were developed. Data were collected from three samples of Chinese ethnic minorities (mainly college students). We generated two sets of item pools from the pilot sample (n = 438). Then we examined the dimensions and final items of the CMEVQ and CMEVEBQ using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with sample 1 (n = 665). After that, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to recheck the factor structure of two refined, mutually matched, yet independent scales obtained from Study 1 with sample 2 (n = 1309); meanwhile criterion-related, K-means cluster, t-tests, and multiple regression analyses were used to test the validity of and relationship between the CMEVQ and CMEVEBQ. Results showed that the multidimensional constructs with six shared first-order factors (Minority Ethnic Consciousness, Exploration, Involvement, Alienation, Inheritance, and Mastery) demonstrated a better fit for the data and supported the conceptual framework. Both questionnaires demonstrated adequate internal consistency reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and ecological validity. That is, as practical, psychometrically sound measures, the CMEVQ and CMEVEBQ can be used to measure the importance of ethnicity for Chinese ethnic minorities. They also extend the content and sample fields of value research.
Highlights
China is known to be a multiethnic nation, with the majority Han ethnic group (Minzu) representing mainstream culture and the 55 officially defined minority ethnic groups each with their own unique cultures
Drawing on self-construal theory, social identity theory (Tajfel, 1981; Tajfel and Turner, 1986), and value theory (Schwartz, 1992; Schwartz et al, 2012), we provided an operational definition for ethnic-minority-value, and developed two new mutually matched, yet independent, ethnic questionnaires, the Chinese Minority Ethnic Value Questionnaire (CMEVQ) and the Chinese Minority Ethnic Value-Expressive Behavior Questionnaire (CEMVEBQ)
Content assessment by statistical item-analysis and the experts supported our conceptualization of minority ethnic values and its behavioral tendency, indicating that they could be applied to the following studies
Summary
China is known to be a multiethnic nation, with the majority Han ethnic group (Minzu) representing mainstream culture and the 55 officially defined minority ethnic groups each with their own unique cultures. Assessment of Ethnic Minority Values nation, as well as to each individual ethnic group that makes up the Chinese nation. Maintaining the diversity of the Chinese nation and the ethnicity of minority ethnic members has become a pressing concern. 198) contended that members of majority and minority ethnic groups can identify each other using four “ways of ethnicity”: being (individuals’ ethnic self-category; Phinney, 1996), feeling (individuals’ emotions or affect toward the ethnic group; Ong et al, 2010), knowing (individuals’ thoughts or cognition toward the ethnic group; Ong et al, 2010), and doing (individuals’ ethnic practices and social interaction; Phinney, 1992). The goal of this study was to explore the “ways of ethnicity” of ethnic minority groups. Values are often important guidelines for people’s lives (Kluckhohn, 1951; Williams, 1968; Rokeach, 1973; Schwartz, 1992), and we we named these important reflections of ethnicity “ethnic-minority-values.”
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