Abstract
Abstract. A fundamental understanding of the processes that control Antarctic aerosols is necessary in determining the aerosol impacts on climate-relevant processes from Antarctic ice cores to clouds. The first in situ observational online composition measurements by an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) of Antarctic aerosols were only recently performed during the Two-Season Ozone Depletion and Interaction with Aerosols Campaign (2ODIAC). 2ODIAC was deployed to sea ice on the Ross Sea near McMurdo Station over two field seasons: austral spring–summer 2014 and winter–spring 2015. The results presented here focus on the overall trends in aerosol composition primarily as functions of air masses and local meteorological conditions. The results suggest that the impact of long-range air mass back trajectories on either the absolute or relative concentrations of the aerosol constituents measured by (and inferred from) an AMS at a coastal location is small relative to the impact of local meteorology. However, when the data are parsed by wind speed, two observations become clear. First, a critical wind speed is required to loft snow from the surface, which, in turn, increases particle counts in all measured size bins. Second, elevated wind speeds showed increased aerosol chloride and sodium. Further inspection of the AMS data shows that the increased chloride concentrations have more of a “fast-vaporizing” nature than chloride measured at low wind speed. Also presented are the Cl:Na ratios of snow samples and aerosol filter samples, as measured by ion chromatography, as well as non-chloride aerosol constituents measured by the AMS. Additionally, submicron aerosol iodine and bromine concentrations as functions of wind speed are also presented. The results presented here suggest that aerosol composition in coastal Antarctica is a strong function of wind speed and that the mechanisms determining aerosol composition are likely linked to blowing snow.
Highlights
Despite the logistical difficulties in performing atmospheric fieldwork in Antarctica, measurements of tropospheric aerosols over and around the continent have been conducted for nearly half a century
The results presented here, which vary in temporal resolution from low to very high, suggest that coastal Antarctic aerosol composition cannot be explained without taking local meteorology into account
The first five subsections point to blowing snow being a major determinant of aerosol composition over coastal Antarctica, while the last subsection examines the overall halogen cycle over Antarctica
Summary
Despite the logistical difficulties in performing atmospheric fieldwork in Antarctica, measurements of tropospheric aerosols over and around the continent have been conducted for nearly half a century. Cadle et al (1968) postulated that the source of Antarctic sulfate originated in the stratosphere, though it has been recently shown that sulfates over the continent are most likely not stratospheric in origin and are due to emissions of Southern Ocean biota and an unknown source inside the continent (Legrand and Wagenbach, 1998; Giordano et al, 2017) After these early studies, longer-term campaigns at the continuously occupied McMurdo and South Pole stations determined both number concentrations and composition of aerosols in continental Antarctica (e.g., Gladney et al, 1972; Duce et al, 1973; Ondov et al, 1973). These early Antarctic aerosol studies, though limited by instrument sensitivities and detection limits, provided the preliminary observational data sets on aerosol concentration and composition which have guided much of the research since
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