Abstract

After more than a decade of the EU promoting biofuels – and with a reinforced regulatory framework – the perspectives for first-generation biofuels seem less optimistic than ever. What has gone wrong as to take biofuels from ‘heaven to hell’ in the spectrum of energy alternatives for a sustainable future? This article deals with the failure of the EU biofuels policy by employing the Europeanization framework, and the case studies of Spain and the UK. In this article we argue that the problems originated in the design of the EU policy degenerated into obstacles to its transposition at the national level, and finally led to the failure of the EU biofuels policy; that is, what can be seen as a case of contested Europeanization.

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