The impact of role‐congruency and photo presence on the processing of news stories about Hillary Clinton

*• Among all media which provide us with day-to-day news stories, news pictures have probably received least attention. • For example, in Journalism Quarterly's first six decades since its first issue published in 1924, there were only 63 articles devoted to subject of news photography.^ Only 2 1/2 percent of its content was related to visual dimension of communication research, indicating the inactivity ofcommunication educators and researchers toward special area of photographic communication.3 Yet news photographs have often been considered to have high attention value.* News pictures are deemed important because they stir a reader's interest to go through a story, or because they give readers a better understanding of that story. In M iller's words, news photos are among first items to catch reader's eyes and a good picture may even catch eye of a reader who doesn't read accompanying story.' Many studies have demonstrated news picture's essential influences upon readers. Swanson found that visual form (particularly photographs and photograph cutlines) with text is sole form that dominates relations with readership.' Woodburn's readership study showed that one three-column picture by itself will stop two-thirds of readers.' Tubergen and Mahsman reported that nature of a picture can influence attitudes toward photo subject.

In this paper it defines the genre of article and its certain characteristics that being the shortest genre of press and photojournalism, answers the questions “Who?”, “What?”, “Where?”, “When?”, “By what means?”, “How?” (much less frequently the question “Why?”) or only a part of these questions, and contains news stories that outline a specific fact, an event of reality, or a specific question that is interest to the general public. The news stories in press and photo journalism have the object of reflection, purpose of presentation, scope of reality coverage, scope of generalization, features of literary and stylistic means to express the idea. The news stories in press and photo journalism take into account all or some means of approximation of interests. The articles are characterized by conciseness, lapidarity, accuracy and documentary authenticity of news stories. The article in press journalism uses the first two most simple methods of journalistic creativity: observation and description of facts, events and phenomenons. The article in photo journalism uses observation method where facts, events and phenomenons are focused on the camera. The different classifications of article in press journalism and their analogues in photojournalism are offered, with specific examples – in terms of volume, predictability of events and ideological comprehension. The structural genesis of article is proposed with segregation of “direct pyramid”, “inverse pyramid” and docked pyramids – “sand clock” providing the concrete examples. Also a new term – prelead is introduced in the scientific circulation.

Who and what influences the issues that policymakers attend to is central to the question of how power is exercised in politics. This study builds upon research by Soroka that proposes an expanded model of agenda setting as a means to examine how the media influences issue salience for the public and policymakers. It expands on Soroka's model by investigating the hypothesis that photographic attention to environmental issues in the news media influences issue salience for the mass public and governmental decision makers. There is little research that substantiates the idea, but it is widely believed that photographs have influence on the policy agenda. I use a dynamic, multidirectional model to estimate whether the volume of news photographs, in addition to news stories, influences issue salience among the mass public and policymakers. Data are longitudinal and measures of attention are operationalized as the number of congressional committee meetings, concern for the environment as a “most important problem” in public opinion polls, environmental news stories in The New York Times, and environmental news photographs in Time magazine. Results suggest that photographic attention does influence environmental policy agenda dynamics in some counterintuitive ways that are distinct from the effects of the news stories. While news stories appear to increase public attention toward the environment, they have little influence on policymaker attention. News photographs, on the other hand, appear to drive congressional committee attention but elicit an ambivalent public response.

: As a product of mass media, news photograph is an image which provides the viewers with a valuable source of information and news story. All events captured in photographs turn into a news photo. Besides covering the news with fact, news photographs do not only have surface meanings, but also deeper meanings to be interpreted by each viewer. The phenomenon of demonstration, particularly the massive demonstration in Egypt in 2011, offers a good chance to discover how visual messages have been presented to guide interpretation of foreign news events. Principally, demonstration is an expression of the people’s voices, and thus, their voices are related closely with their demands, grievances and wishes related to the new government. Here, the photographs are able to portray and reflect the people’s voices through the compositions and contents (meanings) involved in the photos. This study is aimed at discovering the portrayal of the voice of the people (the protesters) in the news photographs of the Indonesian online newspaper, The Jakarta Globe . The data consist of 15 news photographs taken from The Jakarta Globe online newspaper published in January – October 2011. The study employs qualitative method framed with semiotic analysis using Roland Barthes’ theory of orders of signification and photographic message. The results of the study show that The Jakarta Globe visually constructs this event (demonstration) by focusing on the human action (the protesters). Thus, the voice of the people is portrayed in the photo subjects (the protesters) and the included objects of the photo. Meanwhile, the technical aspects of the photos play a meaningful role in emerging the portrayal of the people’s voice. There are four voices revealed by the people in the 15 photographs, namely the voice of freedom, the voice of peace, the voice of justice and the voice of human rights. The photo text including headlines and captions also interact with photographs to produce meaning in supporting the people’s voices. The headlines tend to explain the people’s voices implicitly, while the captions tend to explain the people’s voices explicitly. K eywords: people’s voice, news photograph, headline, caption, semiotic

This study conducted a content analysis to examine the types of images that accompany online news stories about obesity and to determine how obese people are portrayed in news photographs. Images were selected from news articles about obesity obtained from 5 major news Web sites, during a 2-week period in September of 2009. Images accompanying news stories about obesity (N = 549) were systematically coded. Of 441 individuals identified in news photographs, 65% were overweight/obese and 27% were nonoverweight. Overall, 72% of images that depicted an overweight or obese person were portrayed in a negative, stigmatizing manner. Overweight/obese individuals were significantly more likely to have their heads cut out of the photos, to be portrayed showing only their abdomens or lower bodies, and to be shown eating or drinking than were nonoverweight individuals. Overweight/obese individuals were significantly less likely to be shown fully clothed, wearing professional clothing, or exercising than were nonoverweight individuals. Obese individuals are frequently stigmatized in online news photographs; this phenomenon has important implications for public perceptions of obese persons and may reinforce pervasive prejudice and discrimination.

This study analyzes a recent news story that employed both words and photographs as communicative symbols. Traditional news narrative theories follow the logical signs of language. Therefore, how does the discourse of news presented using two types of sign systems differ? This study examines news stories and news photographs using a qualitative method to identify whether a relationship exists between the words and the photographs of a news story. The results indicate that a relationship not only exist between the words and photographs, and tends to adopt one of the following forms: (1) the words and photographs complement each other; (2) the words and photographs contradict each other; (3) the words and photographs suggest additional meaning not yet revealed; and (4) the words and photographs compete to reveal additional meaning.

Aim: The present study analyzes space covered by the agricultural information and the form of its presentation in English daily newspaper ‘Lokmat Times’ published from Aurangabad district of Maharashtra.
 Study Design: Random sampling method.
 Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out in Department of extension education, college of Agriculture, Latur. Fifty two issues of ‘Lokmat Times’ daily published from 1 June 2013 to 31 May 2014 was selected and studied with the help of specially designed proforma for collection and analysis of the contents of ‘Lokmat times’ daily. The data was presented in the form of percentage and frequencies.
 Methodology: The selection of ‘Lokmat Times’ newspaper issue was done for the period, June 1, 2013 to May 31, 2014. This period was selected for the study because of the availability of newspaper issues. About 52 Sunday issues will be studied from 1 June, 2013 to 31 May, 2014. It will be considered on the basis of agricultural information appeared in every Sunday.
 Results: The agricultural information occupied very small space (1.20%) as compare to non-agricultural information (83.59%). Agricultural outlook topped in terms of frequency (24.62%) of total agricultural information. News story (41.54%) was the common form of presenting agricultural information. News story (0.50 per cent) occupied the highest space followed by photo news (0.32%) out of total agricultural space. Most of the agricultural information published on right side (55.38%) of the newspaper.
 Conclusion: In case of space devoted to agriculture is less; most common type of agriculture is news story form and most of the agricultural information presented in right side.

Interest in the fait divers-for which the only approximation to an English-language equivalent seems to be the somewhat feeble ‘human interest story’-has increased apace with the advent and growth of cultural studies, but the repercussions of the Papin case show that it goes back a good way beyond that. The first appearance of the term can be traced to Le Petit Journal in 1863, which links its emergence to that of the age of mass literacy. Christine and Lea seem to have had very little interest in reading (though Christine is said to have copied out poetry in her youth), but it is a fairly safe bet that many of the written texts that might have come their way would have been of the order of the fait divers, requiring none of the cultural background necessary for the reading of ‘serious’ news stories.

BIOGRAPHY: Across The Busy Years by Nicholas Murray Butler. Volume 11. Charles Scribner's Sons. 452 pp. $3.75. I Remember: The Autobiography of Abraham Flexner. Simon and Schuster. 414 PP. 3-75 Jimmy Hare, News Photographer by Cecil Carnes. The Macmillan Company. 293 pp. $3.00. Jonathan Swift: Giant in Chains by Frank Stier Goodwin. Liveright Publishing Corp. 450 pp. $3.00. Prince Metternich: Statesman and Lover by Roaul Auernheimer. Alliance Book Corporation. 365 pp. $3.50. Translated from the German by James A. Galston. The Art of Biography in Eighteenth Century England by Donald A. Stauffer. Princeton University Press. 572 pp. $5-00. Who Was This Nazarene? by Albert F. Gilmore. Prentice-Hall, Inc. 325 pp. $2.75. EDUCATION: History and Philosophy of Education, Ancient and Medieval by Frederick Eby and Charles Flinn Arrow-wood. Prentice-Hall, Inc. 940 pp. $3.75. Modern Philosophies of Education by John S. Brubacher. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 370 PP. New Zealand Observer: A Schoolmaster Looks at America by J. E. Strochan. Columbia University Press, 128 pp. $1.50. Student Teaching by Charles W. San-ford, William Habberton, and Liesette J. McHarry. College of Education, University of Illinois, 164 pp. $1.70. FICTION: Delilah by Marcus Goodrich. Farrar and Rhinehart. 496 pp. $2.75. English History in English Fiction by Sir John Marriott. E. P. Dutton and Co. 308 pp. $2.75. Mighty Mountain by Archie Binns. Charles Scribner's Sons. 440 pp. $2.75. GENERAL LITERATURE: A P: The Story of News by Oliver Gramling. Farrar and Rinehart, Inc. 493 PP. $3.50. Bellevue by Lorraine Maynard in collaboration with Laurence Miscall. Julian Messner, Inc. 280 pp. $2.50. The Rape of The Masses by Serge Chakotin. Translated by E. W. Dickes. Alliance Book Corporation. 310 pp. $3.00. There Shall Be No Night by Robert E. Sherwood. Charles Scribner's Sons. 178 pp. $2.00. Why Men Behave Like Apes and Vice Versa by Earnest Albert Hooton. Illustrated. Princeton University Press. 234 pages. $3.00. HISTORY: Greek And The Greeks by Walter Miller. Illustrated. The Macmillan Co. 508 pp. $3.00. Women And The West by William F. Sprague. The Christopher Publishing House. 294 pp. $3.50. PHILOSOPHY: The Ways of Things by William Pepperell Montague. Prentice-Hall. 712 pp. $4.00. Wars of Families of Minds by William Lowe Bryan. Yak University Press. 143 pp. $2.00.

This essay argues for the hegemonic function of verbal and visual mass mediated representations of gay families and identifies particular rhetorical strategies of those representations. Specifically, a quantitative increase in visibility of same-sex parents and their children in mainstream U.S. news stories and photographs published from 2004 through 2005 does not translate to unmitigated progress. Rather, homophobic, (hetero)sexist, and heteronormative constructions are repeated, overall putting forth the site, and the literal sight, of a heterosexual child as a synecdoche and social test for gay familial life. This study fills a gap in research on representations of homosexuality in mass media and has implications for the gay and lesbian movement in today's current socio-political climate.

In this book, contributors analyze the knowledge about human mobility, its interaction with news and social media, and the way this impacts the attitudes of local societies and the integration of immigrants. After a general contextualization of migration dynamics in Southern Europe and its impact during the 21st Century, the central chapters of the book offer the results of three scientific studies conducted in Spain, Italy, and Greece about the representation of migration in news media and social platforms. These studies consist of an analysis of the frames used in news photographs about migrants and refugees in relevant news outlets; a computational study of online hate speech in social media based on racism and xenophobia; and a comprehensive qualitative evaluation of the perceptions that journalists specializing in migration may have about the interconnection between migration and journalism. Scholars of communication, migration studies, and journalism will find this book of particular interest.

Journalists often localize news stories that are not explicitly about the community they serve by investigating and describing how those stories affect that community. This is, in essence, a form of personalization based not on a reader's personal interests, but rather on their ties to a geographic location. In this paper we present The Local Angle, an approach for automating the process of finding national and international news stories that are locally relevant. The Local Angle associates the people, companies, and organizations mentioned in news stories with geographic locations using semantic analysis tools and online knowledge bases. We describe the design and implementation of our prototype system that helps content curators and consumers discover articles that are of local interest even if they do not originate locally.

This article investigates and interprets social and cultural production and reproduction as we turn our attention to an important part of routinised practice in the newsroom: the early newsroom meetings. These meetings are essential sites for the building of the craft ethos and professional vision. Our aim is to study how this building of expertise takes place at meetings with a particular focus on the decision-making process concerning ideas for new news stories. In order to do this, we perform linguistic analysis of news production practices, as we investigate how the journalists' ideas for potential news stories are eliminated by the editor at the daily newsroom meetings. The elimination of ideas for news stories are not just eliminations; they are also corrections of culturally undesirable behaviour producing and reproducing the proper perception of an important object of knowledge—what constitutes “a good news story”—in this community of practice.

This paper explores a unique dataset gathered via Bloomberg during the early stages of the recent financial crisis. Unlike previous literature that has often used information on headlines as a metric for news, the dataset here contains information on read ership and therefore provides a glimpse into the ex tent to which financial market participants were focused on the news of a particular firm as the financial crisis unfolded. By examining the news that captured the attention of these participants and exploring its relationship to bank returns, this paper addresses the role that market news and reputation may have h ad in shaping perception during the crisis. There is str ong evidence that firms whose news elicited higher readership suffered significantly lower returns tha n those that did not, both contemporaneously and subsequently. Those banks that on average had rela tively high readership interest, or that ranked hig hly in readership interest a large proportion of the days in the sample, on average had returns that were abo ut 20 percentage points lower than banks that remained re latively out of the spotlight. In addition, greate r news readership is associated with higher volatility of returns. A model portfolio that each day is short the ten banks’ stocks that were in the top readership ranki ngs the previous day and long the other stocks gene rates a cumulative PL during the same time period the S&P 500 Financials Index declined more than 39%. The resul ts suggest that news stories that result in high readership among financial market participants can have a large effect in shaping the latter’s percept ions and subsequent decisions. In addition to understan ding the impact of firm “news” on equity prices as the crisis unfolded, there also may be significant impl ications for the release of information, and subseq uent “news” reports, regarding borrowing of financial in stitutions from the Federal Reserve ‐ issues raised in legal cases now before the courts (e.g., Bloomberg, L.P. v Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System 2009, Fox News Network LLC v Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System 2009). * Kogod School of Business, American University and National Bureau of Economic Research. Kathryn Kerner provided exceptionally diligent research assistance during t he data collection effort. This research was init iated independently of, and prior to, the filing of the Bloomberg v. Board of Governors o f the Federal Reserve System (2009) case. Any refe rences or suggested implications of this research to that case are the author’s alone and occurred subsequent to the publi cation of Judge Preska’s opinion and order (Bloomberg L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2009). The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily refl ect those of anyone affiliated with the Federal Res erve System, where the author was formerly employed.

While “serious” news outlets struggle financially in the United States, evidence suggests that entertainment news coverage is thriving. By expanding upon Erving Goffman’s performance perspective and performance theory, this article seeks to illuminate representations of celebrities in the news media, with attention to the recent news stories regarding Tiger Woods and Sandra Bullock. The analysis also explores the off-screen performance of celebrities—developed and presented in news stories, interviews and photographs—and the repercussions when reports of a celebrity’s unmanaged backstage performance exposes the front stage performance as a pretense.