Abstract
BackgroundMaternal smoking during pregnancy has been reported to negatively impact sperm counts of the sons. Sufficient data on the effect of paternal smoking is lacking.ObjectivesWe wished to elucidate the impact of maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy and current own smoking on reproductive function of the male offspring.MethodsSemen parameters including sperm DNA integrity were analyzed in 295 adolescents from the general population close to Malmö, Sweden, recruited for the study during 2008–2010. Information on maternal smoking was obtained from the Swedish Medical Birth Register, and regarding own and paternal smoking from questionnaires. The impacts of maternal, paternal and own smoking were evaluated in a multivariate regression model and by use of models including interaction terms. Totally, three exposures and five outcomes were evaluated.ResultsIn maternally unexposed men, paternal smoking was associated with 46% lower total sperm count (95%CI: 21%, 64%) in maternally unexposed men. Both paternal and maternal smoking were associated with a lower sperm concentration (mean differences: 35%; 95%CI: 8.1%, 55% and 36%; 95%CI: 3.9%, 57%, respectively) if the other parent was a non-smoker. No statistically significant impact of own smoking on semen parameters was seen.ConclusionsPrenatal both maternal and paternal smoking were separately associated with some decrease in sperm count in men of whom the other parent was not reported to smoke.
Highlights
Prenatal both maternal and paternal smoking were separately associated with some decrease in sperm count in men of whom the other parent was not reported to smoke
In a number of published studies, maternal smoking during pregnancy has been associated with lower sperm numbers in exposed sons [1,2,3,4,5,6], no such association was found in some reports [7,8,9]
Questionnaire vs. Medical Birth Register (MBR) data on maternal smoking Eighty-three percent of the mothers who smoked according to the questionnaire were registered as smokers in MBR, whereas 61% of the mothers registered as smokers in MBR were reported as such in the questionnaire
Summary
In a number of published studies, maternal smoking during pregnancy has been associated with lower sperm numbers in exposed sons [1,2,3,4,5,6], no such association was found in some reports [7,8,9]. All of these were recently reviewed and a good evidence for an association was concluded [10]. Sufficient data on the effect of paternal smoking is lacking
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