Abstract
The paper shows a method of optimizing local initiatives in the energy sector, such as energy cooperatives and energy clusters. The aim of optimization is to determine the structure of generation sources and energy storage in order to minimize energy costs. The analysis is carried out for the time horizon of one year, with an hourly increment, taking into account various RES (wind turbines (WT), photovoltaic installations (PV), and biogas power plant (BG)) and loads (residential, commercial, and industrial). Generation sources and loads are characterized by generation/demand profiles in order to take into account their variability. The optimization was carried out taking into account the technical aspects of the operation of distribution systems, such as power flows and losses, voltage levels in nodes, and power exchange with the transmission system, and economic aspects, such as capital and fixed and variable operating costs. The method was calculated by sixteen simulation scenarios using Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP).
Highlights
In recent years, there has been a significant development in Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in Poland related to EU policy, which assumes that by 2030, 32% of its total energy will come from this type of generation source
The results present the structure of installed capacity, energy, capacity of energy storage, and costs of energy generated from local energy sources for the analyzed scenarios
It can be noticed that with the increase in the share of energy from renewable sources in local demand, the share of biogas plants increases. This is due to the fact that the biogas plant is the most expensive source and is chosen last, but it is one controllable source among the analyzed technologies and has a power reserve, which is evident in the scenarios where 100% of energy comes from RES
Summary
There has been a significant development in Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in Poland related to EU policy, which assumes that by 2030, 32% of its total energy will come from this type of generation source. Another objective function was presented by Keane, A. et al [5] and Khalesi, N. et al [6] In both articles, the allocation of DG was used with the aim of maximizing the revenues of the distribution companies. The same objective function was presented by Mashayekh, S. et al [8]; in this article, the authors used Mixed-Integer Linear Another frequently discussed issue in the articles is the appropriate selection and operation of energy storage in cooperation with DG. [21,22] raise the issue of allocation of RES and ES with the use of MILP, but none of the articles show the impact of these two activities on the costs of energy from renewable sources. All the presented activities allow for a realistic representation of the operation of distribution systems
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