The Impact of Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, and Non-Renewable Energy on Carbon Dioxide Emission in Malaysia

The BRICS nations-Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa-have grown significantly in importance over the past few decades, playing a vital role in the development and growth of the global economy. This expansion has not been without cost, either, since these countries' concern over environmental deterioration has risen sharply. Both researchers and decision-makers have focused a lot of attention on the connection between economic growth and ecological sustainability. By using nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach, the complex relationships were analyzed between important economic indicators-such as gross domestic product (GDP), ecological innovations (EI), energy consumption (ENC), institutional performance (IP), and trade openness (TOP)-and their effect on carbon emissions and nitrous oxide emissions in the BRICS countries from 1990 to 2021, this study seeks to contribute to this important dialog. Principal component analysis is formed for technological innovations and institutional performance using six (ICT service exports as a percentage of service exports, computer communications as a percentage of commercial service exports, fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 people, internet users as a percentage of the population, number of patent applications, and R&D expenditures as a percentage of GDP) and twelve (government stability, investment profile, socioeconomic conditions, internal conflict, external conflict, military in politics, control of corruption, religious tensions, ethnic tensions, law and order, bureaucracy quality, and democratic accountability) distinct indicators, respectively. The results of nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag estimation show that increase in economic growth would increase carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions. The positive and negative shocks in trade openness have positive and significant impact on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions in BRICS countries. Furthermore, the positive shock energy consumptions have positive and significant effect on Brazil and India when carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions are used. However, EKC exists in BRICS countries when carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions are used. According to long-term estimation, energy consumption and technological innovations in the BRICS countries show a strong and adverse link with nitrous oxide and a favorable relationship with carbon dioxide emissions. In the long run, environmental indicators are seen to have a major and unfavorable impact in BRICS nations. Finally, it is proposed that BRICS nations can assure environmental sustainability if they support creative activities, enhance their institutions, and support free trade policies.

Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Central Asian Countries Bolor-Erdene Turmunkh Abstract This study examines the relationships between non-renewable and renewable energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, and population in Central Asian countries after the transition economics with the Panel Granger Causality, Panel Cointegration, and Panel non-stationarity tried to explain using the causality test, using 1992 to 2019 data from the World Development Indicators (WDI). The engagement of developing countries is an increasingly important part of addressing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission-driven climate change. As such, understanding the patterns of energy use, GHG emissions, and economic growth in developing countries is vital. Major Central Asian countries are important in this respect due to their size, rapid growth, and extensive energy reserves. It has experienced rapid growth in its economy, energy consumption, and GHG emissions in recent years. It performs tests to verify the existence of the longrun relationships among the variables and examines short and longrun causal relationships. It finds that increased fossil fuel use is the main cause of increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jeds.v9n1a7

Radley Horton,1,a Daniel Bader,1,a Yochanan Kushnir,2 Christopher Little,3 Reginald Blake,4 and Cynthia Rosenzweig5 1Columbia University Center for Climate Systems Research, New York, NY. 2Ocean and Climate Physics Department, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY. 3Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Lexington, MA. 4Physics Department, New York City College of Technology, CUNY, Brooklyn, NY. 5Climate Impacts Group, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies; Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University Earth Institute, New York, NY

The leading cause of global climate change and warming is greenhouse gas emissions. In developing economic activities, energy plays an important role, and human activities are responsible for climate change, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions adverse impacts on the environment. This study investigates carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption on CO2 emissions rather than total energy consumption. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have a causal relationship of CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (CO2L), industry (IND), economic growth (GDP), and trade openness (TR). The ARDL bound method incorporates the structure break and Granger causality method to measure the long-run and short-run cointegration relationship between the variables based on annual data from 1971 to 2016 Malaysia. Both the augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron analysis also supported exploring the study variables' stationarity. The long-run forecasts indicate that CO2L, IND, TR, and GDP are significantly related to CO2 emissions. The error correction term (ECT) value was -0.952, revealing that CO2 emissions diverged from a short-run to long-run equilibrium by 95.2% each year. Furthermore, the Granger causality test shows bidirectional causality between trade openness and CO2L. A unidirectional causality runs from the trade openness to industry at a 1% level form. The current study aims to find out the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, and trade in Malaysia to fill this scientific gap. Based on this study's results, the government needs effective policies and initiatives to identify Malaysia's ecological issues. It is also essential to determine the basic target of Malaysia's consumption of liquid fuel and its environmental mitigation policies.

Przedmiot badań: Artykuł wpisuje się w nurt badań dotyczących wpływu zmiennych makroekonomicznych na środowisko. Jest to temat często poruszany w literaturze, jed­nak brak jest jednoznacznych wniosków co do wpływu BIZ, wzrostu gospodarczego i zużycia energii na emisję dwutlenku węgla (CO2) i w ten sposób na zanieczyszczenie środowiska. Wyniki badania dostarczają nowych argumentów w zakresie przedmiotu badań w odniesieniu do krajów grupy Wyszehradzkiej. Cel badawczy: Celem autorów była próba zbadania wpływu bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych (BIZ), wzrostu gospodarczego i zużycia energii na emisje dwutlenku węgla w trzech wybranych Krajach Grupy Wyszehradzkiej (tj. w Polsce, Czechach i na Węgrzech).1 Metoda badawcza: W artykule zastosowano panelowy model regresji kwantylowej, który bierze pod uwagę nieobserwowaną indywidualną heterogeniczność. Opierając się na różnych punktach kwantylowych, w pełni wykorzystujemy dane próbki do analizy regresji. Dodatkowo podejście to pozwala na uchwyceniu nieobserwowalnych efektów stałych jako parametry, które należy oszacować łącznie z efektami współzmiennymi dla różnych kwantyli. Wyniki: Wyniki empiryczne nie potwierdziły możliwości zastosowania hipotezy „raju zanie­czyszczeń” i hipotezy „halo zanieczyszczeń” w odniesieniu do badanych krajów. W związku z powyższym nie jest możliwe stwierdzenie, iż kraje rozwinięte transferujące kapitał w postaci BIZ do krajów poddanych niniejszej analizie, wpływają w sposób istotny na wysokie zanieczysz­czenie w tych krajach, czyniąc je „rajami dla zanieczyszczeń” (biorąc pod uwagę rozważany okres badania). Także nie zostało potwierdzone, że firmy zagraniczne stosują lepsze praktyki za­rządzania i zaawansowane technologie, które sprzyjają czystemu środowisku w kraju przyjmują­cym. Z badania wynika ponadto, że zużycie energii zwiększa emisje dwutlenku węgla, przy czym najsilniejsze skutki występują przy wyższych kwantylach. Stąd też konkluzja, że wysoka emisja dwutlenku węgla w tych krajach jest wynikiem istniejącej struktury produkcji i konsumpcji ener­gii według kryterium nośników energii lub sposobów wytwarzania. Może to być wskazówką dla decydentów tych krajów, aby zostały wzmocnione odpowiednie przepisy środowiskowe w tym zakresie.

BackgroundInternational awareness of the impact of global warming and climate change is increasing. Developing countries face the task of achieving sustainable economic growth while also improving the efficiency of their energy consumption. The E7 countries (Brazil, India, Indonesia, Mexico, People’s Republic of China, Russia, and Turkey) are all highly concerned with the promotion of carbon-emission-reduction strategies.MethodsThis research uses a bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound test with structural breaks to examine the cointegration and causality relations between economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the E7 countries.ResultsThere is no cointegration between economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions for People’s Republic of China, Indonesia, Mexico, and Turkey. Evidence of cointegration is found for Brazil when CO2 emissions are the dependent variable and for India and Russia when energy consumption is the dependent variable. For all of the E7 countries except Indonesia, short-run Granger causality was found to exist from energy consumption to CO2 emissions and from economic growth to CO2 emissions for Brazil, India, Mexico, and People’s Republic of China. Short-run Granger causality was also found from economic growth to energy consumption for Brazil, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and People’s Republic of China, and from CO2 emissions to energy consumption for all E7 countries.ConclusionsThe results consistently show that energy consumption is the main cause of CO2 emissions, which has led to the emergence of global warming problems. Increases in CO2 emissions compel the E7 countries to develop sound policies on energy consumption and environmental pollution.

A multi-factor efficiency perspective to the relationships among world GDP, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions

Nonrenewable energy, renewable energy, carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth in China from 1952 to 2012

Summary Cities, contributing more than 75% of global carbon emissions, are at the heart of climate change mitigation. Given cities' heterogeneity, they need specific low-carbon roadmaps instead of one-size-fits-all approaches. Here, we present the most detailed and up-to-date accounts of CO2 emissions for 294 cities in China and examine the extent to which their economic growth was decoupled from emissions. Results show that from 2005 to 2015, only 11% of cities exhibited strong decoupling, whereas 65.6% showed weak decoupling, and 23.4% showed no decoupling. We attribute the economic-emission decoupling in cities to several socioeconomic factors (i.e., structure and size of the economy, emission intensity, and population size) and find that the decline in emission intensity via improvement in production and carbon efficiency (e.g., decarbonizing the energy mix via building a renewable energy system) is the most important one. The experience and status quo of carbon emissions and emission-GDP (gross domestic product) decoupling in Chinese cities may have implications for other developing economies to design low-carbon development pathways.

This article examined the relationships involving carbon emissions, economic growth and energy consumption by employing the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in South Africa from 1980 to 2014. The auto regressive distributed lag approach and Johansen cointegration tests proved that the variables are cointegrated. The article findings show that combined (total energy consumption) and hydrocarbon gas and petroleum consumption demonstrates evidence of EKC in the long‐run. Other separated data (primary coal, secondary coal, and electricity consumption) show no evidence of the EKC in the long‐run. Primary coal, secondary coal, electricity and hydrocarbon gas consumption develop positive and statistically significant relationships with carbon emissions in the long‐run but the case of total energy and petroleum consumption was negative and statistically significant. The short‐run results illustrate that combined (total energy consumption) and hydrocarbon gas consumption indicate evidence of EKC. Other separated data (primary coal, secondary coal, electricity, and petroleum consumption) show no evidence of the EKC in the short‐run. Short‐run results also indicated that total energy, primary coal, secondary coal, and electricity consumption report positive and statistically significant relationship with carbon emissions but hydrocarbon gas and petroleum consumption indicate positive but insignificant associations. Granger causality test based on vector error correction method (VECM) are also presented to ascertain causality. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: 30–46, 2019 Highlights The EKC hypothesis was examined in South Africa by employing energy combined and separated data. The EKC is supported in energy combined data in both short and long‐run but varies in separated data. Primary coal, secondary coal, electricity and hydrocarbon gas consumption develop positive and statistically significant relationships with carbon emissions in the long‐run. Total energy and petroleum consumption generate negative and statistically significant associations with carbon emissions in the long‐run. Total energy, primary coal, secondary coal and electricity show positive and statistically significant relationship with carbon emissions in the short‐run. Hydrocarbon gas and petroleum consumption indicate positive but insignificant association with carbon emissions in the short‐run. Granger causality tests based on VECM are also discussed.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of energy consumption, economic growth and industrialization on carbon dioxide emissions in Vietnam. Using an autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL model) on the data during the period over 1985-2013, collected from World Development Indicators, Department of Statistics in Vietnam. Evidence from the study shows that carbon dioxide emissions, GDP growth, energy consumption and industrialization are co-integrated and have a long-run equilibrium relationship. Our results demonstrate that both industrialization and energy consumption have positively affected carbon dioxide emissions and significant while economic growth also has positively affected carbon dioxide emissions but insignificant. In addition to short run relationship, evidence from the long-run result has policy implications for Vietnam; a 1 percent increase in industry growth will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 276 kt, while a 1 kg of oil increase in energy consumption will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 168 kt in the long-run. Increasing industry growth in Vietnam will therefore increase environmental pollution in the long-run. Positive effect of energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions raise a problem of using non-green energy in Vietnam. It is noteworthy that the Vietnamese Government promotes sustainable economics, which improves the use of clean and environmentally energy.

Effectively addressing today’s energy challenges requires advanced technologies along with policies that influence economic markets while advancing the public good.

RETRACTED: Natural resources environmental quality and economic development: Fresh analysis

According to the literature of energy-growth-environment, a numeral of studies aims to recognize the factors of CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions resulting from significant increases in CO2 emissions in recent decades. The selection of data is the main criticism connected to the present literature. Most of the studies used the overall consumption of energy, and other criticism concerns selecting panel assessment techniques. Nearly all the previous research used general panel approaches that overlooked long term dependence. This empirical study fills the gap revealed in the past studies of the effect of trade openness, income, non-renewable and renewable energy on carbon emissions in the presence of EKC (Kuznets environmental curve) for the ASEAN economies from the time spam 2000 to 2018 using panel ARDL, Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimation techniques. The results of the PMG estimator confirm the presence of the EKC hypothesis in selected ASEAN countries. Furthermore, Trade and renewable energy minimize carbon dioxide emissions, whereas non-renewable upsurges CO2 emissions. The outcomes also revealed cointegration amongst carbon emissions and renewable energy and one-way causation found from income to CO2 productions, non-renewable energy to carbon emissions, and trade openness toward carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, it concluded that ASEAN states that the government should advise the industries and all sectors to modify their energy sources from non-renewable energy sources to renewable energy sources. Because it helps to increase the level of energy and economic growth in reducing the carbon emission level.

یکی از مسائل پیش روی جوامع جهانی در دهه های اخیر، مباحث مربوط به محیط زیست و عوامل تخریب آن است. آلودگی هایی که به تغییرات شدید آب و هوایی و گرم شدن کرۀ زمین منجر شده، نگرانی های زیادی را در سطح منطقه ای و جهانی ایجاد کرده است. از سوی دیگر با وجود محدودیت منابع و ضرورت توسعه در کشورهای کمتر توسعه یافته، توجه به مبحث کارایی به عنوان یک راه حل در حوزۀ بحران های زیست محیطی، اهمیت خود را نمایان می‌سازد. نظر به اهمیت مسائل زیست محیطی در کنار مباحث مربوط به رشد و توسعۀ اقتصادی، در تحقیق حاضر سعی شده است از بعد کارایی انرژی، به این مهم پرداخته شود. به این منظور در این پژوهش، اثر متغیرهای شدت انرژی (به عنوان یکی از شاخص های رایج کارایی انرژی)، جمعیت، ثروت (درآمد سرانه) و مصرف انرژی بر انتشار دی-اکسیدکربن (به عنوان شاخص کیفیت محیط زیست) به روش داده های تابلویی طی دوره 1996-2010 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. آزمون های مربوط به اثرات فرد و زمان و نیز آزمون هاسمن وجود یک الگوی اثرات تصادفی یک جانبه را برای انتشار دی اکسیدکربن در کشورهای مورد بررسی تأیید کرد. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد جمعیت، ثروت، مصرف انرژی و شدت انرژی، همگی اثری مثبت و معنی دار بر انتشار دی اکسیدکربن دارند. هم چنین ضریب بالای متغیر اصلی مورد بررسی (شدت انرژی) میزان اهمیت توجه به کارایی انرژی در حوزۀ محیط زیست را تأیید می کند.