Abstract
As a stressor widely existing in daily life, noise can cause great alterations to the immune system and result in many physical and mental disorders, including noise-induced deafness, sleep disorders, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases and other problems. The immune system plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis by recognizing and removing harmful substances in the body. Many studies have shown that noise may play vital roles in the occurrence and development of some immune diseases. In humans, both innate immunity and specific immunity can be influenced by noise, and different exposure durations and intensities of noise may exert various effects on the immune system. Short-term or low-intensity noise can enhance immune function, while long-term or high-intensity noise suppresses it. Noise can lead to the occurrence of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) through the production of autoantibodies such as anti-Hsp70 and anti-Hsp60 and exert adverse effects related to other immune-related diseases such as some autoimmune diseases and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The neuroendocrine system, mainly including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) system, is involved in the mechanisms of immune-related diseases induced by noise and gut microbiota dysfunction. In addition, noise exposure during pregnancy may be harmful to the immune system of the fetus. On the other hand, some studies have shown that music can improve immune function and alleviate the adverse effects caused by noise.
Highlights
Noise is an important environmental factor that affects human health
The positivity rate of anti-Heat shock proteins (Hsps)[60] in workers with moderate low-frequency (0.5–2 kHz) Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) was significantly higher than that in normal workers (21). These results indicate that an elevated level of anti-Hsp[70] in plasma is associated with a higher risk of high-frequency NIHL, whereas an elevated level of anti-Hsp[60] in plasma is associated with a higher risk of low-frequency NIHL (21). These results suggest that anti-Hsp[70] or anti-Hsp[60] may play a role in the pathogenesis of NIHL and that different autoantibodies may cause hearing loss at different frequencies
-sIgA concentrations immediately after stress: dropped to less than half those of the controls (P=0.001); -sIgA concentrations at 30 min post-stressor: remained significantly lower (P=0.014). -D4sIgA concentrations at 60 min post-stressor: returned to near control levels. -Noise exposure led to a significant increase of myelomonocytic cells and natural killer cells within the vasculature on day 1 or 4; -No significant increase in infiltration was observed for neutrophils; -At least one significantly increased day for leucocytes in general as well as macrophages and monocytes; -No significant changes were observed for T cells
Summary
Noise is an important environmental factor that affects human health. In general, any sound that causes irritability, stress, or disturbance on our normal life can be classified as noise. Immunoglobulin (Ig)A, interleukin (IL)-1b, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a levels are significantly increased in the ilea of noise-exposed rats, and the levels remain elevated for at least 3–7 days after cessation of noise exposure (17) Among these proteins, IgA participates in the intestinal innate immune response and regulates the composition and function of the gut microbiota. Another study indicated that S. dulcis (SD) can prevent and even normalize the changes in cell-mediated and humoral immunity induced by noise stress in the Wistar rats, including the increase in corticosterone, soluble immune complex and IL-4 levels and the decrease in cytokines such us IL-2, TNF-a, IFN-g (38). Whether and how noise can directly affect immune function is still worth investigating
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