The image of the Umayyad Caliph Marwan bin Muhammad (127-132 H/744-749 AD) according to historians of the third and fourth centuries AH

Abstract

The era of the late Umayyad caliphs witnessed political fluctuations, opposition movements, family and tribal conflicts, and the emergence of the Abbasid da’wa. Marwan bin Muhammad from the religious, political and administrative point of view, and what is the effect of that image on the future of the Umayyad state and the factors for its downfall, and the extent of the caliph’s responsibility for that, according to what the writings of historians of the two centuries provide us with information.