РОЛЬ ПОЛІТИЧНОЇ ОПОЗИЦІЇ У КРАХУ РЕЖИМІВ «РЕАЛЬНОГО СОЦІАЛІЗМУ» В СУЧАСНИХ КРАЇНАХ ВИШЕГРАДСЬКОЇ ГРУПИ (70–80 РОКИ ХХ СТ.)

Abstract

The effects of «perestroika», concept of democratization and modernization of socialism and sys temic crisis in socio-economic and socio-political spheres of Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia was that of the late 70’s, but mostly from the mid 80’s of XX century these countries increased structural and organizational network of protest and non-conformism, which turned out to be a variation of the transition from dissent to opposition – first as a form of social and political protest and later as a form of political institution. However, the transition from dissent to opposition was not straight and unilateral, but carried out mostly in terms of protest social and political movements and organizations, which over time essentially and con- ceptually transformed into political opposition or set up bases for forming political opposition in the region. Accordingly, it significantly actualizes the problem of social and political protest movements and organiza- tions’ influence on the formation of political opposition in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia (and later in the Czech Republic and Slovakia) as countries that were the basis of modern Visegrad Group. Therefore, the article discusses the features of occurrence and impact of protest social and political movements and organizations on the formation of political opposition and the collapse of the regimes of «real socialism» in the predecessors’ states of modern Visegrad Group – Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia – in the 70–80’s of XX century. It was proven that protest social and political movements and organizations in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, especially from the second half of the 70’s of XX century and by 1987–1990, were «agents» of anti-communism and anti-authoritarianism, primarily because they have been fighting against any manifestation and remnants of the communist regime. It’s also noteworthy that struggle between communist regimes and groups of political protest in the region happened in a quite similar way, as conflicting or competing parties/groups (the communist regime and anti-communist opposition) were interconnected in the fact that they could not solve the political crisis without help and influence of each other. The researcher also revealed that protest and public activity in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia (and later in the Czech Republic and Slovakia) on the verge of 1989–1993 was and remains an important element of political culture and a catalyst of institutional policy, which is incorporated in the process of institutionalization of relations between power and opposition.