Abstract
Abstract The abundance of archaeological findings found in damaged and buried conditions in the Trowulan area raises suspicions about the role of geological disasters in the downfall of the Majapahit civilization in the city of Trowulan in the past. This study aims to identify the types and processes of past geological disasters in the Trowulan area based on literature study, stratigraphic data, and granulometry of burial materials at Kumitir Site, Kedaton Site, and Minakjinggo Site. Based on the stratigraphy and granulometry of disaster sediments, there are two types of past geological disasters that struck the Trowulan area, namely earthquake-liquefaction and flash floods. Earthquake-liquefaction disasters are characterized by layers with grain-supported and the presence of collapsed and contorted building structures. On the other hand, flash flood disasters are identified based on layers with matrix-supported compacted material, channeling and fragment imbrication structures, poorly sorting, and subangular-subrounded grain shapes. Based on stratigraphic facies and written records, the disasters that struck Trowulan are identified to have occurred in two periods. The first period includes the Palindu earthquake and Guntur Banyu Pindah flash flood in 1334 AD, while the second period includes the Palindu earthquake in 1450 AD and the Guntur Pawatugunung flash flood in 1481 AD.
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