The human-animal relationship in zoo-housed mammals: Behavioral and physiological responses to visitor and keeper interactions

Abstract

Human-animal relationships (HARs) and interactions strongly influence animal welfare. Thus, advocating for positive HAR is essential for maintaining positive physical and mental health. In particular, zoo–housed species not only are exposed daily to unfamiliar humans (visitors) but also need to routinely interact with zookeepers, veterinarians, trainers, and other staff. In contrast to those in livestock and companion animals, HARs in zoos have not been extensively studied, although it is known that negative interactions can elicit stress-related behavioral and physiological responses. The present review aims to address the importance of positive HAR in wildlife species under human care. The main behavioral and physiological responses to interactions with familiar and unfamiliar humans will be discussed for a wide range of species (because HARs can also be influenced by animal-related factors). Moreover, potential alternatives to address and promote positive HAR in zoo-housed animals (e.g., environmental enrichment and positive reinforcement training) will be addressed. The HAR is part of the Five Domains Model of Animal Welfare. Therefore, recognizing that caregivers/medical staff and visitors' presence can affect an animal’s emotional state is important for establishing beneficial relationships for wildlife under human care.