Abstract
Current foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines have significant limitations, including side effects due to oil emulsions at the vaccination site, a narrow spectrum of protective efficacy, and incomplete host defenses mediated by humoral immunity alone. To overcome these limitations, new FMD vaccines must ensure improved safety with non-oil-based adjuvants, a broad spectrum of host defenses within/between serotypes, and the simultaneous induction of cellular and humoral immunity. We designed a novel, immune-potent, recombinant protein rpHSP70-AD that induces robust cellular immunity and elicits a broad spectrum of host defenses against FMD virus (FMDV) infections. We demonstrated that an oil emulsion-free vaccine containing rpHSP70-AD mediates early, mid-term, and long-term immunity and drives potent host protection against FMDV type O and A, suggesting its potential as an FMD vaccine adjuvant in mice and pigs. These results suggest a key strategy for establishing next-generation FMD vaccines, including novel adjuvants.
Highlights
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) mainly affects cloven-hooved animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, deer, and wild ruminants
We proposed novel adjuvants optimized for cattle and pigs, especially adjuvants and FMD vaccine compositions that simultaneously enhance cellular and humoral immune responses by selecting pattern recognition receptor (PRR) ligands as immunostimulants[14]
A novel vaccine composition containing rpHSP70-AD as an active adjuvant for preventing FMD was developed. We demonstrate that this new recombinant protein, rpHSP70-AD, can ameliorate the side effects induced by oil emulsion, act as an antigen in the host to induce a broad spectrum of defenses, protect the host in the early stage of viral infection, play a pivotal role as an immuneenhancing adjuvant that simultaneously induces strong cellular and humoral immune responses, and effectively induce early, mid-term, and long-term immunity
Summary
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) mainly affects cloven-hooved animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, deer, and wild ruminants. FMD causes blister formation on the lips, tongue, gums, nose, or limbs and severe illness due to a rapid increase in body temperature and loss of appetite. The disease can lead to myocarditis and eventually death in young animals. FMD results in serious economic losses in the livestock industry due to its rapid propagation and the resulting loss of productivity[1,2]. FMD is classified as a highly contagious animal disease and is designated as a “disease to be managed” by the World Organization for Animal Health (Office International des Épizooties; OIE). Any cases of FMD outbreaks should be reported to the OIE3
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