Abstract
The Hard X-ray Nanoprobe beamline, I14, at Diamond Light Source is a new facility for nanoscale microscopy. The beamline was designed with an emphasis on multi-modal analysis, providing elemental mapping, speciation mapping by XANES, structural phase mapping using nano-XRD and imaging through differential phase contrast and ptychography. The 185 m-long beamline operates over a 5 keV to 23 keV energy range providing a ≤50 nm beam size for routine user experiments and a flexible scanning system allowing fast acquisition. The beamline achieves robust and stable operation by imaging the source in the vertical direction and implementing horizontally deflecting primary optics and an overfilled secondary source in the horizontal direction. This paper describes the design considerations, optical layout, aspects of the hardware engineering and scanning system in operation as well as some examples illustrating the beamline performance.
Highlights
The science case for the Hard X-ray Nanoprobe, I14, at Diamond Light Source (DLS) is centred on spectro-microscopy and in situ operation in a broad range of areas including energy and battery materials, zircalloy cladding from the nuclear industry or radionuclides in environmental cells
In order to meet this demand, the nanoprobe uses a reflective Kirkpatrick–Baez mirrors (KBs) system which operates over a 5 keV to 23 keV energy range and yields a nominal 50 nm beam for multi-modal analysis
We report on the overall design, operational characteristics and key examples of operational performance
Summary
Probing heterogeneous complex systems with a focused X-ray beam to measure local variations in composition, structure and morphology has been shown to be a powerful tool in diverse scientific areas including life science (Hemonnot & Koster, 2017), cultural heritage (Cotte et al, 2018) and materials science (Johannes et al, 2017; Yu et al, 2018). Hard X-rays in particular have benefited from significant advances in hard X-ray focusing optics using either reflective (Yamauchi et al, 2011), refractive (Seiboth et al, 2017; Patommel et al, 2017), diffractive (Huang et al, 2013; Suzuki et al, 2010; Mimura et al, 2010) and waveguide (Kruger et al, 2012) schemes to achieve beam sizes from 7 nm to 50 nm These advances, coupled with the scientific demand for higher spatial resolution, have led to the construction of a number of hard X-ray nanoprobes at synchrotrons worldwide providing a broad range of techniques and beam-sizes (Chang et al, 2013; Suzuki et al, 2013; Nazaretski et al, 2017; Winarski et al, 2012; Martınez-Criado et al, 2016; Chen et al, 2014; Somogyi et al, 2015; Schroer et al, 2010; Johansson et al, 2013; Tolentino et al, 2017). We report on the overall design, operational characteristics and key examples of operational performance
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