Abstract
Human body surfaces, such as the skin, intestines, and respiratory and urogenital tracts, are colonized by a large number of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, with the gut being the most densely and extensively colonized organ. The microbiome plays an essential role in immune system development and tissue homeostasis. Gut microbiota dysbiosis not only modulates the immune responses of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract but also impacts the immunity of distal organs, such as the lung, further affecting lung health and respiratory diseases. Here, we review the recent evidence of the correlations and underlying mechanisms of the relationship between the gut microbiota and common respiratory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF), lung cancer, and respiratory infection, and probiotic development as a therapeutic intervention for these diseases.
Highlights
Chronic respiratory diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as respiratory virus infection, are often accompanied by gastrointestinal diseases or symptoms [1,2,3]
An increasing amount of evidence has indicated that the gut microbiota is closely related to respiratory health and disease, playing a crucial role in the development of asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis (CF), lung cancer, and respiratory infection [8,9,10,11]
We summarize the recent findings involving the relationship and mechanisms underlying the relationship between the gut microbiota and common respiratory diseases, including asthma, COPD, CF, lung cancer, respiratory infection, and other respiratory diseases, and the use of probiotics for improving or treating these diseases
Summary
Chronic respiratory diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as respiratory virus infection, are often accompanied by gastrointestinal diseases or symptoms [1,2,3]. Patients with gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and gastroesophageal reflux, are prone to develop pulmonary dysfunction and have an increased incidence of respiratory disease [4, 5]. These connections suggest a vital communication between the gut and lung. An increasing amount of evidence has indicated that the gut microbiota is closely related to respiratory health and disease, playing a crucial role in the development of asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis (CF), lung cancer, and respiratory infection [8,9,10,11]. We summarize the recent findings involving the relationship and mechanisms underlying the relationship between the gut microbiota and common respiratory diseases, including asthma, COPD, CF, lung cancer, respiratory infection, and other respiratory diseases, and the use of probiotics for improving or treating these diseases
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