Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurological disease caused by a trinucleotide repeat increase in the huntingtin (htt) gene, which is widely expressed in the brain and peripheral tissues. While many studies have focused on the cognitive, psychological, and motor symptoms of HD, however, the scope of peripheral pathology and its possible impact on central symptoms has received less attention. We hypothesised that because disruption of the gastrointestinal microbiota (gut dysbiosis) has lately been identified in a number of neurological and psychiatric illnesses, it might also occur in HD. In the HD gut microbiota, bacteriodetes increased whereas firmicutes decreased proportionally. Despite a larger food consumption, the gut dysbiosis was associated with a reduction in body weight growth. The presence of greater faecal water content in hd was also linked to a shift in the gut microenvironment. In this review, we present an update on the association between microbiome and brain function as it relates to huntington's disease.
Highlights
Circulating gut microbiota-derived chemicals were altered in Huntington's disease (HD) patients and transgenic mice, suggesting that gut microbiota may be altered prior to illness onset [61, 62]
Cognitive, and affective symptoms are common in HD patients, and they are frequently accompanied by skeletal muscle atrophy, gradual weight loss, impaired metabolic balance, and gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction
HD mice had a greater faecal water content, implying that there is a problem with gut transit time or colon water absorption, which could contribute to a change in the gut environment
Summary
Humans are invaded by trillions of microbes [1]. Early gut colonization is influenced, at least in the short term, by the route of birth (caesarean section or vaginal) [2]. Control hormone release play an important role Several interacting factors, such as nutrition and microbiota composition, regulate the activation of distinct sensory receptors in the gut, resulting in up or down-regulation of hormone release, which can result in a variety of functional GI alterations. Probiotic manipulation of the gut microbiota resulted in behavioral and neurochemical alterations, according to the findings This was not observed in mice who had undergone vagotomy, indicating that the vagus nerve plays an important function in the gut brain axis. The human intestine functions as an endocrine organ by producing microbial metabolites and neurometabolites such short chain fatty acids (SCFAS), vitamins, and neurotransmitters, all of which have been proven to influence gut-brain interaction [13]. Via regulating neuropeptide synthesis, can affect brain function, appetite management and energy homeostasis [17]
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