Abstract
BackgroundThe sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden or Tiger milk mushroom (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) is a valuable folk medicine for indigenous peoples in Southeast Asia. Despite the increasing interest in this ethnobotanical mushroom, very little is known about the molecular and genetic basis of its medicinal and nutraceutical properties.ResultsThe de novo assembled 34.3 Mb L. rhinocerotis genome encodes 10,742 putative genes with 84.30% of them having detectable sequence similarities to others available in public databases. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close evolutionary relationship of L. rhinocerotis to Ganoderma lucidum, Dichomitus squalens, and Trametes versicolor in the core polyporoid clade. The L. rhinocerotis genome encodes a repertoire of enzymes engaged in carbohydrate and glycoconjugate metabolism, along with cytochrome P450s, putative bioactive proteins (lectins and fungal immunomodulatory proteins) and laccases. Other genes annotated include those encoding key enzymes for secondary metabolite biosynthesis, including those from polyketide, nonribosomal peptide, and triterpenoid pathways. Among them, the L. rhinocerotis genome is particularly enriched with sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis genes.ConclusionsThe genome content of L. rhinocerotis provides insights into the genetic basis of its reported medicinal properties as well as serving as a platform to further characterize putative bioactive proteins and secondary metabolite pathway enzymes and as a reference for comparative genomics of polyporoid fungi.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-635) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
The sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden or Tiger milk mushroom (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) is a valuable folk medicine for indigenous peoples in Southeast Asia
Genome features Genome sequencing of L. rhinocerotis sclerotium with more than 100× coverage produced a total of 6,187 Mb clean data which was further assembled into a 34.3 Mb draft genome (Table 1)
Heterozygosity is unlikely to be the major contribution to the lower genome coverage based on the 15-mer depth analysis (Additional file 1) [16]
Summary
The sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden or Tiger milk mushroom (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) is a valuable folk medicine for indigenous peoples in Southeast Asia. Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden, which belongs to the family of Polyporaceae, is characterized by a centrally stipitate pilei arising from its distinct tuber-like sclerotium. This mushroom is widely used by natives of Southeast Asia as a general health tonic for immune enhancement, or as a treatment regime for numerous ailments including cancer, asthma, and bronchitis. In Malaysia, isolates of L. rhinocerotis have been found in Penang Island, Cameron Highlands, Hulu Langat, and Gerik All of these isolates showed high nucleotide sequence identity (approximately 98%) in their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene regions [3,4]
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