Abstract
This article review’s about the high barrier qualities of biological membranes, such as the stratum corneum (SC) of the skin or the sclera/cornea of the eye, among others, many therapeutic medicines that have the potential to be very effective are constrained by their inability to reach the systemic circulation. The SC, the skin's outermost layer, serves as the main deterrent to drugs given topically. Thus, the intact SC acts as the body's primary defense against foreign chemicals, such as pharmaceuticals. The only medications that can be successfully supplied transdermally are those with very particular physicochemical characteristics (molecular weight 500 Da, sufficient lipophilicity, and low melting point). It is difficult to administer hydrophilic medications and macromolecular targets including peptides, DNA, and small interfering RNA transdermally. Therefore, bypass or reversible disruption may be used to facilitate medication penetration through the SC. When used to penetrate skin, microneedles (MNs) will bypass the SC, form temporary micron-sized aqueous transport channels, and increase transdermal permeability. Since these micro pores are several orders of magnitude larger than molecular dimensions, hydrophilic macromolecules should easily be able to go through them. Many research teams and pharmaceutical businesses around the world have used different methods to create MNs. This review describes different MN types and fabrication processes.
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