Abstract
Diet is an essential factor determining the ratio of pathogenic and beneficial gut microbiota. Hydrolysates and bioactive peptides have been described as crucial ingredients from food protein that potentially impact human health beyond their roles as nutrients. These compounds can exert benefits in the body, including modulation of the gut microbiota, and thus, they can reduce metabolic disorders. This review summarized studies on the interaction between hydrolysates/peptides, gut microbes, and obesity, focusing on how hydrolysates/peptides influence gut microbiota composition and function that improve body weight. Findings revealed that gut microbes could exert anti-obesity effects by controlling the host’s energy balance and food intake. They also exhibit activity against obesity-induced inflammation by changing the expression of inflammatory-related transcription factors. Protein hydrolysates/peptides can suppress the growth of pro-obesity gut bacteria but facilitate the proliferation of those with anti-obesity effects. The compounds provide growth factors to the beneficial gut bacteria and also improve their resistance against extreme pH. Hydrolysates/peptides are good candidates to target obesity and obesity-related complications. Thus, they can allow the development of novel strategies to fight incidences of obesity. Future studies are needed to understand absorption fate, utilization by gut microbes, and stability of hydrolysates/peptides in the gut under obesity.
Highlights
Academic Editor: Stanley OmayeThe prevalence of obesity is rising worldwide contributing to a high risk of developing numerous related metabolic complications, such as cardiovascular and diabetes type 2 diseases
Caesar et al found out that gut microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharide, such as that released by E. coli is actively involved in the accumulation of pro-inflammatory factors in white adipose tissue (WAT) [39]
We attempt to summarize the current knowledge on the interaction between food hydrolysates/peptides and gut bacteria and how this interaction can influence body weight
Summary
The prevalence of obesity is rising worldwide contributing to a high risk of developing numerous related metabolic complications, such as cardiovascular and diabetes type 2 diseases. Efficient and reproducible biocatalytic technologies, such as enzymatic digestion, gastrointestinal digestion, and microbial fermentation via in vitro or in vivo methods can produce valuable hydrolyzed products from food-based sources that may help reduce excess weight gain and other physiological disorders [6] Some of these products are bioactive peptides or hydrolysates, which have great biological functions in the body. Albumin-derived hydrolysates [1], soy bioactive peptides [10], and pepsin egg white hydrolysates [11] have been confirmed to significantly contribute to gut microbiota composition and function, which affects body weight Despite their potential role in preventing excess weight gain, only a limited number of studies have reported on the impacts of food hydrolysates on gut microbiota composition, which affects body weight. This review offers the latest insight on the physiological effects of the host’s gut microbiota on obesity and the importance of food hydrolysates/bioactive peptides in preventing obesity by regulating the gut’s microbial composition and functions
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