The formation and mechanism of multimerization in a freeze-dried peptide

Abstract

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a peptide with 25 amino acid residues (hANP 4–28) and one intra-chain disulfide bond. We used the size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), sodium dodecyl sulfate in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and reversed-phase liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry (LC–MS) methods to examine the freeze-dried products of ANP to determine the types, sizes, and amounts of the multimer formation in different stability protocols (by varying the conditions with lyophilization cycles, excipients, storage temperatures, and times). Under the non-annealing lyophilization cycle or lyophilization with high concentration of bulking agent (mannitol), multimer formation increased with increasing storage times. Two kinds of multimers were observed: the major portion is reducible and the minor portion is non-reducible. The reducible multimers are disulfide-linked multimers as determined by LC–MS. The non-reducible multimer was mainly a dimer, possibly linked by a covalent bond between the side chain of tyrosine in one molecule and the dehydroalanine intermediate in another molecule, based on the evidences of the mass of the non-reducible dimer along with the elution position in SEC, and the change of the UV spectrum in the aromatic region. The analysis of degradants suggests that the mechanism start from an β-elimination of disulfide linkage to form a free thiolate ion (HS−) and a dehydroalanine-type peptide intermediate. The HS− then catalyzed ANP to form the disulfide-linked multimers. The dehydroalanine-type ANP intermediate then reacted with another ANP molecule to form a non-disulfide-linked dimer through reaction with the side chain of tyrosine. These results suggest that the source of multimer formation be initiated by phase transition (from amorphous to crystalline phase) either in the freeze-dried process or during storage. That phase change may induce a drastic change in pH and moisture to damage the peptide. The detailed mechanism and the kinetics of ANP multimerization are discussed. The formation of the multimers was diminished by using the thermal treatment (the annealing step) with a proper ratio of mannitol to ANP peptide in the lyophilization, and/or increase of the acetate buffer concentration in the formulation.