Abstract
The present review article explains fish toxins from different species with their pharmaceutical and therapeutic uses. Fish stinging is a major problem in coastal areas as it exerts severe toxic effects mainly in fishermen, locals, and tourists. Fish toxins cause severe pain that radiates up in the limbs and regional lymphatics. These also impose venular stasis, hemorrhage and make changes in the arteriolar wall diameter. Fish toxins target ion-channels, ligand-gated channels and G-protein coupled receptors present in body cells and obstructs their physiological and metabolic functions. They affect molecules that participate in signaling pathways, and cause hemolytic, cardiovascular, and make obstruction in nerve function and smooth muscle contraction. For quick neutralization, fish venom-induced effects in victim’s toxin-specific antibodies are used. These quickly provide relief from pain, minimize the symptoms, and stop the immediate inflammatory reaction. Fish venom toxins are of wider biomedical applications and can be used for the preparation of immune diagnostics, bio-pesticides, anticancer agents, and analgesics by using its biological information.
Highlights
Venomous animals occur in numerous phyla and present a great diversity of Texas, which possess various toxins, with a range of targets, impose wider clinical effects with fatalities
Despite there being over 2000 venomous fish species, piscine venoms have been relatively underrepresented in the literature far
Though first aid methods are recommended for treatment of fish toxicity, but for quick neutralization of stings fish-specific anti-venoms are provided
Summary
Venomous animals occur in numerous phyla and present a great diversity of Texas, which possess various toxins, with a range of targets, impose wider clinical effects with fatalities. Catfish stings showed cardiovascular and neurotoxic effects and cause severe inflammation with hemolytic, dermonecrotic, edema-promoting, vasospastic activities (table 2). Fish venom toxins/proteins isolated from different species show 90% homology and show similar responses on body cells and organs. SNTX (stonustoxin) posses 15 cysteine residues, and 5 free thiol groups, which are involved in intrachain disulfide bonds [32] This toxin demonstrates hemolytic activity in rats, guinea pig, and rabbit erythrocytes but it shows no effect against human and mouse erythrocytes [33]. TLY reduces the rate of contraction in frog atrial heart muscle cells due to endogenous acetylcholine release and its action on muscarinic receptors [41] (table 4) This toxin increases the Ca2+entry in the cell and causes exocytosis of large dense-core vesicles from chromaffin cells.
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