Abstract
Pirmieji Ukrainos žemdirbiai: Ratniv-2 objekto archeo-botaniniai tyrimai ir kviečių grūdų datavimas radioaktyviosios anglies metodu (AMS)Šiame straipsnyje pateikiami archeobotaninių tyrimų rezultatai iš Ratniv-2 archeologinio objekto, esančio Vakarų Ukrainoje, priklausančio linijinės juostinės keramikos kultūrai. Augintų kultūrinių augalų ir piktžolių įvairovė atspindi įprastą linijinės juostinės keramikos kultūros gyventojų augintų augalų racioną, kuris labai panašus visuose šios kultūros paplitimo regionuose. Datavimas gautas tiesiogiai tiriant kultūrinius augalus, aptiktus Ratniv-2 objekte, parodė, kad ši kultūra išplito iki pat Ukrainos jau pirmoje savo stadijoje, tai yra gerokai anksčiau nei prieš tai manyta. Nauji archeobotaniniai duomenys ir datavimo rezultatai, pristatyti šiamestraipsnyje, padėjo eliminuoti anksčiau pateiktas teorijas apie žemdirbystės laikotarpį ir geografinę kilmę Ukrainoje. Tikėtiniausia, kad linijinės juostinės keramikos kultūros gyventojai yra pirmieji, vertęsi žemdirbyste Ukrainos teritorijoje.
Highlights
While some proposed a theory that crop cultivation and the formation of domestic animal husbandries in Ukraine arrived from the Caucaso-Caspian corridor
We present the archaeobotanical research results from the LBK Ratniv-2 site in western Ukraine and the radiocarbon dates of cereal grain that have been made from the Neolithic sites in Ukraine for the first time
From the grain shape and chaff (Fig. 5), it is clear that the archaeobotanical assemblage consists of at least two hulledwheat types, includes einkorn (Triticum monococcum) (Fig. 6), emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum) (Fig. 7) and probably the “new glume wheat type” (Triticum timopheevii) (Table 1)
Summary
The spread of agriculture across the eastern part of the European continent has been less intensively studied than that of the western one (Milisauskas, 1986; Whittle, 1996; Gronenborn, 2003; Dolukhanov et al, 2005), even though during prehistory, the eastern region constituted an important “crossroads” for interaction between Europe, the Caucasus and central Asia (Anthony, 2007; Rassamakin, 1999; Motuzaite Matuzeviciute et al 2009). Some groups of Balkan populations adopted farming around the second half of the 7th millennium BC (Colledge and Conolly, 2007; Bailey, 2000; Bailey, 2007; Pashkevich and Videiko, 2006; Whittle, 1996) These farming communities started spreading eastwards along river valleys into the Carpathian basin, and subsequently influenced the beginning of domestic cereal cultivation in Moldova (Dergachev et al, 1991; Dergachev and Dolukhanov, 2007; Kuzminova et al, 1998; Markevich, 1974; Monah, 2007). Previous research by Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute (2012) has shown that there is no substantial evidence to support the presence of early Bug-Dniester agriculture in Ukraine, concluding that the earliest agriculture did not come into play in Ukraine until ca 5000 BC with the LBK pottery culture, outlining the importance of direct dating of cereal remains from archaeological sites. Our research results suggest that LBK farmers were probably the first carriers of agriculture into Ukraine showing that these processes took place during a much earlier timeframe than previously thought
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