Abstract
Limited fuel resources and the huge negative impact on the environment from using fossil fuels have led to an urgency to utilize the most energy efficient solutions for public transportation. Environmentally sustainable solutions can deliver the same benefits of traditional systems, but without the negative impacts. The Bus Rapid Transit Project of Amman (Amman BRT) is used as a case study. Proposed measures include using electric buses instead of diesel ones, and installing elevated photovoltaic systems above buses parking and routes, in addition to using LED street lighting. The feasibility study of applying the proposed measures on the Amman BRT project showed that only 7.1 years is needed to payback the incremental investment throughout this transformation. Capital expenditure (CAPEX) is higher than the baseline buses, while operational expenditure (OPEX) is much lower, resulting in a 32% lower total cost of ownership (TCO). In addition, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are reduced by 27,203.68 metric ton of CO2 per year and 408,055.26 metric tons for the 15-year lifetime of the project.
Highlights
Implementing environmentally friendly systems and using renewable energy are not luxuries anymore
Several factors must be used in determining the optimal combination of zones
Specific yield (SC) quantifies the ratio of the energy generated to the installed capacity, and it is affected by various design parameters, such as the height of the installation, inclination angle, and projected dust accumulation
Summary
Implementing environmentally friendly systems and using renewable energy are not luxuries anymore. They are needed to sustain the planet’s limited resources and maintain the environment. As per the World Bank Group database and Energy Information Administration (EIA) statistics, overall worldwide energy consumption is continuously increasing. Outlook predicted that the annual transportation sector energy consumption was increasing at an average rate of 1.4%, from 104 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) in 2012 to 155 quadrillion Btu in 2040 [1,2,3]. As for the transportation sector, the Energy Information Administration (EIA) has released data showing that the transportation of people and goods accounts for approximately 25 percent of global energy consumption [2]. Establishing reputable public transportation systems is necessary, and using clean energy instead of fossil fuels within the nominated system is of extreme importance
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