The extracellular matrix of muscle--implications for manipulation of the craniofacial musculature.

Abstract

Successful adaptation of craniofacial skeletal muscle is dependent upon the connective tissue component of the muscle. This is exemplified by procedures such as distraction histo/osteogenesis. The mechanisms underlying remodelling of intramuscular connective tissue are complex and multifactorial and involve extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, receptors for the ECM (integrins) and enzymes that remodel the ECM (MMPs). This review discusses the current state of knowledge and clinical implications of connective tissue biology as applied to craniofacial skeletal muscle.