The Exorcist, The 8-Year Engagement, and Brain on Fire: Three Films about Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Encephalitis

Abstract

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is one of the most common forms of autoimmune encephalitis. It is more prevalent in young adult women than it is in men. The disease is characterized by a rapid progression of psychiatric symptoms and/or cognitive impairment. Common symptoms include changes in behavior (i.e. hallucination, paranoia, and aggression etc.), seizures, memory deficit, abnormal movements, and coma. Based on these symptoms, it was historically thought that this 'behavior' was the work of the devil, and exorcism by a shaman was sometimes required. In line with this, it has been suggested that the patient who the original Exorcist movie was based on had this disease. Although immunotherapy is an effective treatment for anti-NMDA encephalitis, recovery is slow with the majority of patients requiring more than a year after disease onset to make a full recovery. In light of this, the stories and experiences of patients with this disease have been depicted in films. Examples of the films include: The 8-year engagement (2017), a Japanese film directed by Takahisa Zeze, and Brain on fire (2016), directed by Irish filmmaker Gerrard Barrett. These films help to raise awareness and make this disease more recognized by the general public.