Abstract
The Río Tinto, located in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (SW Spain), constitutes an extreme case of pollution by acid mine drainage. Mining in the area dates back to the Copper Age, although large-scale mining of massive sulfide deposits did not start until the second half of the 19th century. Due to acidic mining discharges, the Río Tinto usually maintains a pH close to 2.5 and high concentrations of pollutants along its course. From a detailed sampling during the hydrological year 2017/18, it was observed that most pollutants followed a similar seasonal pattern, with maximum concentrations during autumn due to the washout of secondary soluble sulfate salts and minimum values during large flood events. Nevertheless, As and Pb showed different behavior, with delayed concentration peaks. The dissolved pollutant load throughout the monitored year reached 5000 tons of Fe, 2600 tons of Al, 680 tons of Zn, and so on. While most elements were transported almost exclusively in the dissolved phase, Fe, Pb, Cr, and, above all, As showed high values associated with particulate matter. River water quality data from 1969 to 2019 showed a sharp worsening in 2000, immediately after the mine closure. From 2001 on, an improvement was observed.
Highlights
The Río Tinto is a relatively small river (101 km long) known worldwide for its extreme conditions
1630of the Río Tinto mine in 2015, from the available data we have not been able to observe a clear influence on the river quality (Figures 9 and S5)
These peaks are observed in other mines worldwide due to the rebound effect [40], in the case of Río Tinto this is very sharp
Summary
The Río Tinto is a relatively small river (101 km long) known worldwide for its extreme conditions (in Spanish “Tinto” means dark red). Mining wastes containing sulfide minerals can generate acid mine drainage (AMD) [5,6]. The mining activities cause a sharp increase in the oxidation of sulfides due to their contact with oxygen and water, releasing acidity and large amounts of sulfates and toxic metals (e.g., Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) into the aquatic medium. The oxidation of sulfide minerals is accelerated by microbial catalysis of the oxidation of aqueous ferrous iron and sulfide [7,8]. This process leads to the generation of significant discharges of acid leachates with very high concentrations of toxic elements [9]. The generation of AMD depends on the types and quantities of sulfide and carbonate
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