Abstract
Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is considered a very complex mental health disorder influenced by different genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors. Neurobiologically, abnormalities in brain regions within the prefrontal cortex and limbic system contribute to difficulties in emotional regulation and empathy. The environmental factor easily predisposing them to it comes in the form of childhood trauma or over-spoiling by parents. NPD is often comorbid with other personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder, which makes the diagnosis even more complex. The treatments of NPD include psychodynamic therapy, in particular, transference-focused psychotherapy, cognitive-behavior techniques such as schema therapy, and the newest, which includes mentalization-based treatment. There also is the enormous challenge of engaging patients with NPD in therapy, given the typical features of resistance, such as grandiosity and ignorance of the true self. Because of this, future research on NPD, especially early intervention and elaboration, has become the expected and focused direction.
Published Version
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