Abstract
The secularisation paradigm has dominated explanatory accounts of the Islamic resurgence. It sees Islamic 'fundamentalism' as the reaction of bazaaris, peasants and rural dwellers to secular social, political and economic change, but is less successful in explaining why social groups that are succeeding in secular societies are turning to Islam. This paper examines the relationship between 'established' and 'outsider' groups in Turkey to focus more closely on the process of secular 'establishment', which helps to explain why Islam is again becoming a force for radical change. The article argues that secularism was only ever partially established, thus Islamists were able to maintain their own 'group charisma' which, combined with the unintended consequences of certain state policies, produced a gradually shifting balance of power between the established and outsiders.
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