Abstract
Organic farmers farming on arable land have often had, in addition to the cultivation of common species of cultivated crops (such as wheat, rye, triticale or potatoes), interest in the cultivation of marginal crops such as hulled wheat species (Einkorn, Emmer and Spelt wheat). The production of marginal cereals has seen significant developments in the European Union related to the development of the organic farming sector. Just the average annual organic production of spelt in the Czech Republic reached more than 9000 tons in 2018. The cultivation of these cereals requires post-harvest treatment in the special method of dehulling. The waste emerging after dehulling of spikelet (i.e., chaff) accounts for about 30% of the total amount of harvest and can be used as an alternative fuel material. When considering the energy utilization of this waste, it is also necessary to obtain information on the energy quality of the material, as well as environmental aspects linked to their life cycle. For evaluating the energy parameters, the higher and lower heating value, based on the elemental (CHNS) analysis, was determined. The environmental aspects were determinate according to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology where the system boundary includes all the processes from cradle to farm gate, and the mass unit was chosen. The SimaPro v9.1.0.11 software and ReCiPe Midpoint (H) within the characterization model was used for the data expression. The results predict the energy potential of chaff about 50–90 TJ per year. The results of this study show that in some selected impact categories, 1 kg of chaff, as a potential fuel, represents a higher load on the environment than 1 kg of lignite, respectively potential energy gain (1 GJ) from the materials.
Highlights
The production of marginal cereals has seen significant developments in the European Union related to the development of the organic farming sector
In a comparison of the monitored wheat species, the largest amount of the chaff is generated after processing of Spelt wheat (33.23% removal rate) with an average higher heating value (HHV) value of 17.74 MJ kg−1 and lower heating value (LHV) 15.9 MJ kg−1
Based on the yields obtained in field trials, a potential energy gain of 26.41 GJ ha−1 for spelt wheat, 19.84 GJ ha−1 for Einkorn, and 18.03 GJ ha−1 for Emmer wheat can be predicted
Summary
The production of marginal cereals has seen significant developments in the European Union related to the development of the organic farming sector. Czech Republic are Einkorn, Emmer, and especially Spelt wheat [1,2] They can be defined as the cultural hulled wheat species, which replace, expand, and supplement the existing range of cereals and contribute to broadening the spectrum of crop production [3]. These marginal cereals have usually lower harvest index but have less input intensity requirements. Thanks to this aspect, these grains are suitable for organic farming systems [3,4,5].
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