Abstract
The military intervention in Iraq by the United States (US), supported militarily by Great Britain and politically by a “coalition of the willing,” which included a large number of current and future European Union (EU) members but not Germany and France, was undoubtedly the major foreign policy event of the year. It generated much debate on concepts such as immediate threat, pre-emptive war, unilateralism, and multilateralism, as well as on the question of whether the US, as the sole superpower, has the responsibility to act as a security provider of last resort when multilateral organizations devoted to this task become paralyzed. The intervention divided not only the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) after a decade of co-operation but also caused a split in the Atlantic alliance and among EU members, probably one of the worst to have occurred on a foreign policy issue in the history of both organizations. Finally, it put an end—at least temporarily—to that bipartisan consensus in Italian foreign policy, which had emerged at the end of the 1970s and consolidated in the 1990s.
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