Abstract
As the automotive industry shifts from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs), many countries are setting new strategies in their transportation sector. The Li-ion battery is currently the most common battery used in EVs due to its high energy density, durability, safety, and cost competitiveness. Nickel is predicted to be an essential component for the lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NMC) as a cathode material of choice for EV applications. Indonesia, one of the world’s largest nickel ore suppliers, put an export ban on nickel ore effective from 2020. The bold movement was intended to initiate the domestic EV industry and encourage investors abroad to drive their manufacturing activities into the country. On the other hand, the global Li-ion battery manufacturers who imported nickel from Indonesia had to restrategize their businesses. This review discussed the chronological events leading to the ban and after the ban from the media, government regulations, and literature reviews. The authors of this study also conducted interviews and attended seminars with the national experts and key players in the battery and EV industry to gain their most pertinent insights. The SWOT analysis of the reviewed materials indicated that while the Indonesian battery industry is still new, it needs to diversify its research and development activities and collaborate internationally to optimize the utilization of its resources and meet the purchasing power of the domestic EV market. Finally, this study summarized six key factors to support Indonesia’s ambition to be a new regional hub for EVs. These factors are: (1) pricing, (2) technology, (3) policy, (4) investment, (5) infrastructure, and (6) compliance with sustainability standards.
Highlights
The transportation sector contributes to approximately a quarter of all energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [1] or approximately 12 Gt of CO2-equivalent per year [2]
This study aims to summarize the activities around the nickel ore ban issued by the Indonesiann ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt,ppaartritcicuulalarlrylythtehedodmomesetsictiEcVEVanadntdhethbeatbteartyteirnydiunsdtruisetsr.ieLsi.teLriatteurraetruevreierwevsieawressauremsmumarmizaerdizteodbtuoiblduialdndanpdrepsreenset ntht tehcehcrhornoonloolgoigciaclael vevenentstsleleaaddininggttoo and after the ban to achieve this ggoal
This study summarized the government laws and regulations about mineral mining, reports from online newspapers both in Indonesian and English, and literatures on the Indonesian nickel ban as a chronological timeline of Indonesia’s nickel ore export ban (Figure 4)
Summary
The transportation sector contributes to approximately a quarter of all energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [1] or approximately 12 Gt of CO2-equivalent per year [2]. The EV market is regarded as a significant contributor to the rising demand for Li-ion batteries. The stationary energy storage demand is predicted to experience a Batteries 2021, 7, 80 other hand, the EV market is regarded as a significant contributor to the rising dem aonf 2d2 for Li-ion batteries. The stationary energy storage demand is predicted to experience a significant growth. Vinoclvreeadsi[n4]g, LthCeOniicskneoltccoonntseindtearendd alos wtheericnagthoordeeliomf cinhaotiicnegfothreEcVoabpalptliicnaNtioMnCs. Tcahtuhs-, oindcerseiassbinegcotmheinngicmkeolrceopnrtoemntinanendtlfoowr eErVinagpoprlieclaimtioinnsa.ting the cobalt in NMC cathodes is becoFmiginugrem1odreeppircotsmainneanptpfroorxEimVaatpepploictaetnitoinals.vs specific capacity of the active materials for thFeigcuatrheo1ddeeapnicdtsaannodaep.pHroexriem, LatCeOpostteanntdiaslfvosr. Ost ten times that of graphite anodes (theoretical capacity: 372 mAh g−1) [5] FhoarsEaVcalopspel-ipcaatcikoends, stthreucltauyreerewditNh MhiCghpdoesnessigtyo,owdheilleecNtroCnAichcaosnbdeuecntidveitvyelaonpdedhatos gaicvleosaem-paaxcikmedumstreuncetrugrye dweinthsithyig(2h0d0emnsAithyg, -w1);hhiloewNeCveAr, hitasisbveeerny dreeavcetliovpeeadndtorgaitvheeracmomaxpilmicuatmedetnoerhgaynddleen. sOitny t(h2e00otmhAerhhga−n1d);,hthowe pevoelyr,aint iiosnveorxyidreea(cLtFivPe)asnudfferarsthferromcompopolircaetleedctrtoonhiacncdolned. uOcntitvhietyoathnedr hhaasn2d0, tthoe50p%olyloawnieorneonxeridgey (dLeFnPs)itsyutfhfearnsofrthomer pchoeomr eisltercitersodnuicectoonadluocwtievritvyoaltnadgehaats32.02 tVo v5s0.%3.l6oVw;ehr oewneervgeyr,dietnhsaitsyththeaandovtahnetracgheeomfilsotrwieesr dcuosettaonadlobweteterrvsoalfteatgye daut 3e.2toVthves.s3ta.6blVe; phhoowsepvheart,eitghroauspth. eOandtvhaenatnaogde eofsildoew, esirliccoosnt aisncdonbesitdteerresadfeatpyrdoumeistiontghme sattaebrilaelpthoorsepphlaactee cgornovuepn. tOionntahlegarnaopdheitseidsien,cseiliictohnaiss tchoenshiidgehresdtathperormetisicinalgsmpaecteifriicalctaopraecpitlaycoefco~3n5v7e9ntmioAnahl gg−r1awphitcehsiisnacelmitohstastetnhetihmigeshethstathoefogreratipchalitsepaencoifidcecsa(pthaecoitryetoicfa~l3c5a7p9amcitAy:h3g7−21mwAhhicgh−i1s) [a5l]m. ost ten times that of graphite anodes (theoretical capacity: 372 mAh g−1) [5]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
