The emergence of the Ukrainian community in Australia in the aftermath of World War II

Abstract. The article presents an analysis of the attributes and historical experience of the emergence of the Ukrainian diaspora in post–World War II Australia. The subject is relevant in the current context of Ukraine’s resistance against large-scale russian aggression. Since February 2022, the devastating consequences of the aggression have forced a significant number of people to leave Ukraine. The massive wave of ‘Ukrainian migration’, notable by its scale and impact, allows the author to draw parallels to the migration flows witnessed in ravaged post-war Europe. The article’s author argues that modern Ukraine could benefit from exploring the adaptation, organisation, and formation experience of the Ukrainian communities that evolved into influential diasporas in the United States, Canada, Australia, etc. Once rallied, the worldwide Ukrainian diaspora’s potential to oppose the ‘muscovite evil empire’ holds the promise of becoming a powerful force for defeating the global aggressor. The historical experience of consolidation and affirmation of Ukrainian identity and the strength of Ukrainian traditions, language, and culture constitute a genuine weapon against the influence of the ‘russian world’. The size, influence, and authority of the global Ukrainian community as a whole and of particular Ukrainian diasporas in the major countries of Europe, America, and Australia are a contributing factor to the build-up of concerted efforts of the civilised world on a unified front against the revanchism of totalitarian ideology, the imperial ambitions of moscow, and their attempts to dismantle the democratic values of humanity. The author emphasises that today’s world is undergoing the formation of a new global order, where Ukraine’s victory in the war against the ‘moscow regime’ will emerge as the very achievement for which generations of Ukrainian people fought and fell in Ukraine and across the entire world. Keywords: global Ukrainian community, Australia, Ukrainian diaspora, World War II, russian aggression.

The paper analyses cultural activities of world-famous Ukrainian and American sculptor Oleksandr Arkhypenko in Ukrainian community in the United States. It focuses on the interaction of the artist with the Ukrainian community after World War II and before his death in 1964. The cultural and artistic events in the United States and Canada with the participation of the sculptor and Ukrainian diaspora are considered. The main Ukrainian institutions and figures of national diaspora with whom Oleksandr Arkhypenko collaborated in the United States are identified. The sculptor’s works on Ukrainian themes are highlighted. Little-known publications in Ukrainian media in the USA about the artist are identified. The aim of the work is to trace the main directions of interaction between Oleksandr Arkhypenko and the Ukrainian diaspora in the United States and to determine the place of the sculptor in artistic community. The issue of the artist’s activity in the Ukrainian environment outside of his homeland is actualized in a context of a new wave of mass emigration from Ukraine. The analized issue is also gaining importance to reinterpretate the heritage of artists who emigrated from the Russian Empire. The paper introduces archival and little-known materials into scientific circulation; systematizes and summarizes the experience of Oleksandr Arkhypenko’s cooperation with the Ukrainian community in the United States; highlights the main artistic events and some publications on the topic; reveals the ideas put forward by the world-famous sculptor in the circle of Ukrainians. It is stated that Arkhypenko and the Ukrainian diaspora in the USA mutually influenced each other. The artist participated extensively in the activities of the Ukrainian community in the United States, which became an important life and professional support for him, as well as a basis for preserving and strengthening national identity. At the same time, the Ukrainian diaspora made efforts to involve an internationally recognized compatriot in the implementation of the community’s cultural strategies.

The purpose of the publication is to study the essence and current state of international migration in Ukraine during the war. This issue is especially relevant in the context of the current economic crisis caused by a full-scale war on the territory of Ukraine. To achieve the goal, general scientific methods were used: statistical and calculation-mathematical - with the help of which all the necessary initial information was formed for the analysis of international migration in Ukraine during the full-scale invasion of the russian Federation on Ukrainian territory. Using the method of scientific generalization, the relevance of the topic in the conditions of the economic crisis caused by the war was revealed. Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine provoked Europe's largest wave of refugees since World War II. To form the basis of the research, first of all, the dynamics of forced international migration in Ukraine, the structure of migrants by gender, age group, level of education and field of employment were analyzed. The main results of the research, which represent a scientific novelty, were: a proposal to create a State institution for work with the Ukrainian diaspora, which, among other things, will be responsible for the development of ties between Ukraine and Ukrainian migrants. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the creation of a State institution for work with the Ukrainian diaspora, which, among other things, will be responsible for the development of Ukraine's ties with Ukrainian migrants and the introduction of institutional mechanisms to assist Ukrainian citizens in returning to their homeland, namely: assistance in restoring destroyed housing, lending for starting one's own business, humanitarian and financial assistance for current needs, medical care and social assistance; targeted projects supporting refugees and guaranteeing their employment. The main factor in the reconstruction of Ukraine after the war will be the return of Ukrainian refugees who are currently abroad. Trusting millions of migrants will require the work of the state in many directions: from security to social.

The Ukrainian diaspora in Canada is one of the largest communities of Ukrainians outside of Ukraine. Only in the last hundred years has it managed to become a powerful voice for Ukrainians outside their homeland. Its voice was especially important during the interwar period and the Soviet era. Thanks to Ukrainian intellectuals, the Western world was exposed to the Ukrainian world, the resilience of the Ukrainian people, and the markers of its national identity, including the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. With the development of Ukrainian studies in Canada, the UGCC was increasingly well-represented in the scientific and information space. Between 1940 and 1980, the Ukrainian community in Canada became the voice of the repressed Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, and was involved in shaping the narrative of the Church as a «martyr». The purpose of the article is to synthesize the key historiographical basis for the history of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the Ukrainian diaspora in Canada in 1900–1991. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that only those publications by Ukrainian scholars in Canada in which the subject of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church was the key one were singled out from the significant historiographical layer of scientific literature. In addition, through the separation of publications, it was possible to determine the main stages of the development of the historiography of the UGCC among the Ukrainian diaspora in Canada. The methodological basis of the study is based on the methods of critical analysis and synthesis of sources, as well as the analytical method. Conclusions. The article presents a synthesized analysis of the publications of Ukrainian diasporans in Canada on the history of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church from the beginning of the twentieth century to 1989. At the same time, it is noted that the development of Ukrainian historical studies in Canada laid a solid foundation for the formation of a bibliography of Ukrainian publications and publications on Ukrainian historical topics. The Ukrainian diaspora in Canada has managed to accumulate resources for the development of historical studies. Publications initiated by Ukrainian communities, publishing houses, and organizations should be viewed as an attempt to capture memory, events, processes, and phenomena in the history of the UGCC. It was in the post-Soviet era that they became the foundation for the study of the development of historical thought in the Ukrainian diaspora.

One of the ways to examine how migrant communities grow to become diasporas would be to track the evolvement of migrants’ personal reflectivity and to analyze its impact on community development. Personal reflectivity has been on the rise in Ukrainian migrant communities in Southern Europe, as reflected in proliferation of various works of fiction and poetry produced by the migrants, all focusing on their experiences of displacement, nostalgia and adaptation to the new cultural environs. Yet, this cultural phenomenon, in its active unfolding in the Ukrainian diaspora, has not been subject to any scholarly evaluation. In this article I discuss such migrant self-reflectivity that had evolved in the last two decades amongst the Ukrainian migrants in Europe. Here I focus on migrants ‘poetic economy’ as it is pursued in the Ukrainian community in Portugal. Based on my ethnographic work in greater Lisbon area, with the Ukrainian vernacular poets and their texts, I argue that migrant reflectivity and poetic economy, a term I coined to illustrate the workings of migrant poetry production, distribution and consumption, serve the Ukrainians in Portugal as effective means of diasporic community building.

Статтею колишнього керівника Бюро інформації Української Головної Ради (УГВР), чолового журналіста й публіциста УПА Петра Федуна (Полтави) редакція «Українського інформаційного простору» відкриває нову рубрику «Документи з діаспорних архівів». Плануємо повертати із небуття ті зовсім невідомі українським дослідникам-журналістикознавцям тексти, змістові акценти яких суголосні нинішнім реаліям розвитку національного інформаційного простору.Петро Миколайович Федун (псевдо «Полтава», «Волянський», «Север», «Зенон», «П. Савчук») вважається чоловим ідеологом («політвиховником») українського збройного підпілля ОУН-УПА 40–50-х років ХХ ст. У новітню українську історію він має заслужено увійти як публіцист, автор та редактор багатьох повстанських публікацій. Родом із села Шнирів, що неподалік Бродів на Галичині, де народився в селянській родині 23 лютого 1919 р.

<p><strong><em>The purpose</em></strong><em> of the study is to understand the role played by Ukrainian radio broadcasting in maintaining a sense of community and identity among Ukrainians living in Australia and Oceania; study of the problems faced by Ukrainian broadcasters in attracting their target audience, as well as an analysis of the impact of technological progress and changes in media consumption habits on the future of Ukrainian radio broadcasting in the region.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology</em></strong><em>. The following methods were used in the research process: a review of scientific and journalistic literature on the research topic, including a search in academic databases, books, articles and other relevant materials; monitoring and content analysis for studying the content of Ukrainian radio initiatives in Australia and Oceania, determining the types of programs offered, the language of the thematic range of topics covered; the method of historiographic research to understand the development and evolution of Ukrainian-language radio broadcasting in these countries; analysis of sites, social media according to the research topic, summarizing the interaction of the radio initiative with the audience, the types of content they publish, and content indicators in social networks; analysis of search engines to study the visibility and rating of Ukrainian radio programs broadcast in Australia and Oceania in search engines, in particular Google; digital content analysis to help understand their editorial policies, content and content distribution strategies.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results</em></strong><em>. It was established that despite the territorial dispersion and the insignificant percentage representation of Ukrainians in the demographic picture of the two countries, for example, in Australia, Ukrainians make up 0.2% of the total population, in these territories the Ukrainian language has been presented on the radio since the middle of the 20th century. Separate initiatives, including «Ukrainian Hour» (radio station «2EA», Sydney, Australia), «Ukrainian Hour» («SBS Radio», Sydney, Australia), «Ukrainian Wave» («3ZZZ», Melbourne, Australia), «Ukrainian Studio» («2SER», Sydney, Australia), «Ukrainian Hour» («2MBS Fine Music», Sydney, Australia), «Ukrainian Hour» («6EBA FM», Perth, Australia), Ukrainian Program» («3CR Community Radio», Melbourne, Australia), «Ukrainian Radio Australia» («2GLF FM», Sydney, Australia) and «Ukrainian Hour» («Planet FM», Auckland, New Zealand) provide linguistic representation of the Ukrainian community in the foreign language environment of these countries . The ownership and financing of these radio initiatives were analyzed, their content, genre and thematic content were analyzed. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the language design of the radio program of these radio initiatives, and its role in supporting the language among the communities of the Ukrainian diaspora in Australia and Oceania. The impact of Ukrainian-language radio broadcasting on the Ukrainian diaspora in these countries is analyzed through the prism of the cultural and linguistic identity of Ukrainian communities, as well as their role in promoting social unity and participation in political life.</em></p><p><strong><em>The novelty </em></strong><em>of the research lies in the topical view of cultural and media relations between Ukraine and the Ukrainian diaspora in this region. The role of radio as a means of preserving and popularizing the Ukrainian language, culture and identity among Ukrainian immigrants and their descendants is investigated. One of the key novelties of this research is the understanding of how Ukrainian radio broadcasting developed and adapted to the specific needs and challenges of the Ukrainian community in Australia and Oceania. It examines the founding of Ukrainian radio stations, the development of programs and the ways in which these programs engage the local Ukrainian community.<strong></strong></em></p><p><strong><em>Practical significance</em></strong><em>. The results of the research will lead to a better understanding of the Ukrainian diaspora in Australia and Oceania and the ways in which they preserve their cultural heritage while adapting to their new countries of residence.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> multicultural radio station, national culture of Ukrainians, radio broadcasting, world Ukrainian-language radio broadcasting, Ukrainian diaspora, Ukrainian-language radio.</em></p>

Subjectivity sets the limits of a state's powers and its place in the global legal and political order, being a fundamental element of international relations. It encompasses various elements, including the national language, which plays a key role in building identity and emphasising independence. The Russian aggression against Ukraine in 2014 demonstrated the role of the Russian language as a geopolitical tool, used by the Kremlin to deny Ukraine's subjectivity and challenge its separate identity. In view of this, the Ukrainian language began to play an important role as in the struggle for the separate identity of the Ukrainian people and state, as well as for its independence. The international community's perception of the state through the prism of subjectivity is influenced by linguistic practices, such as the transliteration of geographical names or the use of specific terminology. In order to strengthen subjectivity and emancipation from the 'Russian world', Ukraine is taking various measures, such as the initiative to change the spelling of the capital's name from 'Kiev' to 'Kyiv' in English. The international perception of the Ukrainian state and its subjectivity are also influenced by linguistic devices and language practices in other languages. An analysis of English-speaking, Russian-speaking and Polish-speaking discourses in the context of Ukraine reveals similarities and differences in the way its subjectivity is defined. Language thus becomes an important element in the struggle for the state's subjectivity and the construction of its identity in the international community.

The article explores the role of choreographic and theatrical practices in the Ukrainian diaspora during the second half of the 20th century as a means of preserving national identity and fostering intercultural dialogue. Through the lens of migration and cultural adaptation, the study examines how Ukrainian artists, spread across North America, Europe, and Australia, utilized dance and theatre as tools for both cultural preservation and artistic innovation. The fusion of traditional Ukrainian folk elements with the artistic traditions of host countries became a key feature of this creative process, resulting in performances that resonated with diverse audiences while maintaining a strong connection to Ukrainian heritage. The article investigates the contributions of prominent figures and ensembles, highlighting their impact on both the Ukrainian community and the broader cultural landscape. By integrating historical analysis with an exploration of contemporary practices, the study reveals the transformative potential of diaspora arts in bridging cultural divides, enriching global artistic practices, and reinforcing a sense of collective identity. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the cultural dynamics within the Ukrainian diaspora and their role in the global dialogue of artistic exchange.

This article studies the language use and identity of Ukrainian communities in Germany on the websites and in online social media. Since 2014, the conflict in the East of Ukraine has led to a remarkably large and intense flow of Ukrainian migrants to Western Europe and Germany in particular giving rise to longstanding issues of identity formation and language use both within Ukraine and inside Ukrainian diaspora communities around the globe. This article will examine Ukrainian diaspora in Germany on the subject of language ideologies, practices and identity shaping by analyzing its linguistic online activity. To do so, our analysis will draw on a range of interdisciplinary methodologies, including studies of descriptive reporting of diaspora’s online discussions, its language practices and attitudes, and studies of discursive constructions of nationhood, which explore language indexing in relation to national identity negotiation.

The article deals with the English translations of Lesia Ukrainka’s works. The author considers the new approaches to translation that emerged after the Cultural turn in the last part of the 20th century. In particular, the attention has been paid to the issues of migration and translation, negation of the Eurocentric ideas about translation, and translation as a constituent part for the formation of migrant’s community. Considering the chronology of the translation of Lesia Ukrainka’s works into English, it is argued that as a rule they were done by the Ukrainian diaspora and published in the periodicals, financed by the Ukrainian communities in Great Britain, the USA, and Canada. The most intensive phase of the popularization of poetess’s works in English happened to be during the middle of the last century. This could be explained by the nature of the third wave of migration, which occurred after World War II. This wave brought the highly politicized people, who tried to oppose the Soviet regime. They used literature to oppose the Soviet appropriation of the Ukrainian cultural heritage. Besides the Ukrainian diaspora have utilized the native fictional discourse to maintain the boundaries and consciousness of their collectivity.

The current state of the Ukrainian diaspora, which is living in Canada and the United States, is analysed in this article. The Ukrainian diaspora in these countries has more than a century history. It is the second (Canada) and the third (USA), after the Russian Federation in the world by the number of Ukrainians. More than a third of the total number of Ukrainians outside of our country is overall living in Canada and the United States. The results of the census conducted in these countries, including their ethnocultural component, ethnicity, country of origin, native language and the language usually spoken at home were information basis of the study. In accordance with the results of the census, which reflect the resettlement and ethnolinguistic conformity of the Ukrainian diaspora, the author maps in the environment of program ArcMap are created. The Ukrainian diaspora resettlement in terms of provinces (Canada) and states (the USA) is analysed in the article. As a result of the late XX–early XXI century census, changes in its settlement is also revealed. It was found that Canadian Ukrainian diaspora lives mainly in the provinces, where Ukrainian emigration had begun. In the US, with the appearance of the fourth “wave” of Ukrainian emigration its resettlement has changed: unlike the early twentieth century when Ukrainians mostly arrived in Pennsylvania, New York and Ohio at present Ukrainians prefer emigration to the states of Washington, Oregon and California. The study found that the Ukrainian diaspora in these countries, despite the preservation of their ethnic origin, undergo significant linguistic assimilation. According to census found that in Canada and the USA minor ethnolinguistic conformity of the Ukrainian diaspora. The territorial regularity in ethnolinguistic conformity of Ukrainian diaspora: the smaller in number Ukrainian diaspora, the higher ethnolinguistic conformity are traced. Key words: Ukrainian diaspora, assimilation, entho-linguistic conformity, immigration, settlement, native language.

The article analyzes the conceptual foundations of the geopolitical doctrine of the "Russian world", which has become a political ideology and the basis of Russia's hybrid aggression against Ukraine. The imperial essence of Putin's Russia as the successor to the Russian and Soviet empires has been revealed. The concept of "Russian peace" is understood as an important element of Russia's revenge policy towards Ukraine and Ukrainians. It is proved that the Kremlin leadership and their supporters in Ukraine actively use this doctrine to deny the modern ethnocultural reality, namely, do not recognize Ukrainians as a separate, original people, but only a sub-ethnic group of the great Russians. The basic elements of the "Russian world" are described, first of all, the Russian Orthodox Church, the information component, the Russian language, culture, education, science, and so on. The criminal role of the "Russian world" in the preparation and course of the undeclared Russian-Ukrainian hybrid war has been clarified. Those regions of Ukraine where the "Russian world" became most widespread and popular among the anti-Ukrainian local population later became either easy prey for the aggressor (like Crimea) or an arena of bloody confrontation (like Donetsk and Luhansk regions). Conversely, where pro-Ukrainian forces were in the majority, they were able to stop the offensive of the "Russian world" – and the so-called "Russian spring". It is proved that the leaders of Russia and their henchmen purposefully deny and ignore the modern ethnocultural reality and actively implement in the spiritual, informational, linguistic, cultural, educational and scientific space of Ukraine ideas and principles of the "Russian world", which ultimately weakens the Ukrainian state. nation and Ukrainian national identity. The ways of overcoming and final liquidation of ideas, ideological bases, ideology, and basic elements of the "Russian world" by the Ukrainian state are offered. First of all, it is the elimination of the so-called lines of demarcation in Ukrainian society, the acquisition of strategic importance of state significance by Ukrainian studies, including the Ukrainian "soft power" of conciliar, diplomatic and political nature and the building of the Ukrainian Independent Conciliar State on Ukrainian-centric principles. modern renewed nationalism and Ukrainian studies as an educational humanities discipline, integrative science and patriotic worldview).

The paper examines the current state and peculiarities of legal regulation of labor migration in Ukraine. Legislative acts, international documents and regulatory acts regulating labor migration were analyzed in order to determine the main problems of the functioning of this sphere. The article focuses on the main challenges faced by the labor migration system in Ukraine, such as insufficient effectiveness of mechanisms for monitoring the observance of the rights of immigrant workers, unequal working conditions for migrants and domestic workers, as well as shortcomings in the implementation of international agreements on labor migration. It was determined that the signing of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union in 2014, as well as granting Ukraine a visa-free regime with a number of countries, became a prerequisite for mass labor migration of Ukrainian citizens. It was established that in connection with the introduction of martial law in Ukraine, a number of innovations were introduced aimed at protecting the labor rights and interests of employees working for an employer-a natural person - the introduction of additional guarantees through acts of social dialogue, such as collective agreements and agreements, where these acts enable the parties to regulate labor, social and economic relations, taking into account the interests of each of the parties during the period of martial law. It was found that in order to stimulate the creation of new jobs and the return of displaced persons, the program "Affordable loans 5-7-9%" was introduced, which provided support for entrepreneurs at rates from 5% to 9%, depending on the size of the enterprise and the duration of its activity. It was determined that one of the shortcomings of the government's urgent response in the conditions of martial law is that most of the normative legal acts of Ukrainian legislation require constant updating. It was found that there are no legal documents in the legislation that would regulate relations with the Ukrainian diaspora, protect the rights of Ukrainian migrants abroad and facilitate the possibility of their return under special conditions.

The article researches the current topic of "post-Soviet Protestantism" and its positioning in acute socio-political issues, particularly in the issues of attitude to the Russian aggression against Ukraine. It is proved that the basis of the Russocentrism of post-Soviet Protestantism is Eurasianism as a doctrine of Russian fascism, which proclaims the ideas of the Russian-Asian community in opposition to all others, including the community of Slavs. In addition, it advocates neo-Stalinism and Putin's neo-colonialism. The author compares the two basic concepts of Eurasianism and the "Russian world" for modern Russian geopolitics and suggests that Eurasianism implies the substantial inclusion of numerous Protestant movements in the former Soviet territories into the political system of the Kremlin with its further "orthodoxization" in the Eurasian format. While Russian Orthodoxy prefers to subjugate the entire post-Soviet space to the neo-imperial project of the "Russian world," envisaging the unification of Slavism in the former Soviet geopolitical area, post-Soviet Protestantism is focused on keeping the post-Soviet space in the Eurasian political field. At the same time, by analysing the structure and internal politics of modern post-Soviet Protestantism, the author proves that despite all its (Protestantism's) heterogeneity, it has uniquely retained the general features of Soviet-style Baptism. Moreover, it is prone to establishing private institutions and subcultures based on rejection rather than positive self-identification. The results obtained in the course of the study give grounds to significantly adjust the existing ideas about post-Soviet Protestantism, to comprehend its political component in a panoramic and retrospective manner. Therefore, the study states that the officially advocated by post-Soviet Protestants (primarily Baptists and Adventists) idea of the so-called "Euro-Asian" missionary activity is in line with Putin's Eurasian ideology and, consequently, acts within the defined "canons" of Russia's neo-imperial policy.