Abstract
Abstract In this paper the authors develop in detail mathematical formulas connecting the deflection of different types of pipe bends with the force producing deflection, and also expressing the stress set up as a function of the observed deflection and the constants of the bend. They describe experiments made to check force vs. displacement, and present charts for use in selecting the proper size and shape of bends to take care of a given expansion, and to determine the force exerted by a bend when in a given state of deflection. In general they recommend bends of larger dimensions than are ordinarily used, and their figures are said to lie on the side of safety. In some cases the bends tested showed a greater flexibility than anticipated, due to minute folds formed on the compression side when bending pipe to short radius.
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