The Efficacy of a Diode Laser on Titanium Implants for the Reduction of Microorganisms That Cause Periimplantitis

Anna Wawrzyk,Michał Łobacz,Mansur Rahnama,Weronika Sofińska-Chmiel,Agnieszka Adamczuk

doi:10.3390/ma14237215

Abstract

The paper presents the optimisation of a safe diode laser irradiation process applied to the surface of titanium implants in order to reduce microbial numbers in the treatment of inflammation classified as periimplantitis. The study comprised isolation and identification of microorganisms inhabiting surfaces of dental implants, crowns, teeth and saliva from patients with fully symptomatic periimplantitis. Microorganisms were detected by a culture-dependent method and identified with the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The isolated microorganisms were inoculated on the surface of a new implant and then irradiated by a diode laser (wavelength of 810 ± 10 nm) in one, two or three repetitions and biocidal efficacy was assessed. To evaluate impact of laser irradiation on roughness, morphology and structure of the implant surface, optical profilometry, scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy were used. Examination of the tested surfaces and saliva revealed the presence of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and one fungal species. In all patients, cultures from the endosseous part of the implant revealed the presence of the pathogenic and pyogenic bacterium Streptococcus constellatus. In 13 out of 20 samples laser-irradiated in duplicate and triplicate, all microorganisms were eliminated. The irradiation used did not cause any changes in the properties of the implant surface.

Highlights

Periimplantitis is a pathology of the tissues around a dental implant that may be related to the presence of microorganisms
In order to assess the impact of laser irradiation on the implant surface, analysis was performed with the use of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical profilometry
Among aerobic microorganisms detected on the study surfaces (Table 1), we identified the following Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Rothia mucilaginosa, and Rothia aeria, and the following Gram-negative bacteria: Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Veilonella parvula

Summary

Introduction

Periimplantitis is a pathology of the tissues around a dental implant that may be related to the presence of microorganisms. It is characterised by progressive bone loss accompanied by inflammation of the connective tissue around the implant. The disease process in periimplantitis can occur even at an early stage of implant treatment, and so far evidence suggests that the course of the disease varies depending on patient predisposition. It is rare for clinically asymptomatic disease to involve progressive bone loss around the implant [1]. The earlier the diagnosis and treatment initiation, the better the chance of success

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