The effects of sun exposure on carotenoid accumulation and oxidative stress in the retina of the House Finch (Haemorhous mexicanus)

Matthew B Toomey,Kevin J Mcgraw

doi:10.1186/s40657-016-0041-6

Abstract

Diet-derived carotenoid pigments are concentrated in the retinas of birds and serve a variety of functions, including photoprotection. In domesticated bird species (e.g., chickens and quail), retinal carotenoid pigmentation has been shown to respond to large manipulations in light exposure and provide protection against photodamage. However, it is not known if or how wild birds respond to ecologically relevant variation in sun exposure. We manipulated the duration of natural sunlight exposure and dietary carotenoid levels in wild-caught captive House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus), then measured carotenoid accumulation and oxidative stress in the retina. We found no significant effects of sun exposure on retinal levels of carotenoids or lipid peroxidation, in replicate experiments, in winter (Jan–Mar) and spring/summer (May–June). Dietary carotenoid supplementation in the spring/summer experiment led to significantly higher retinal carotenoid levels, but did not affect lipid peroxidation. Carotenoid levels differed significantly between the winter and spring/summer experiments, with higher retinal and lower plasma carotenoid levels in birds from the later experiment. Our results suggest that variation in the duration of exposure to direct sunlight have limited influence on intraspecific variation in retinal carotenoid accumulation, but that accumulation may track other seasonal–environmental cues and physiological processes.

Highlights

Diet-derived carotenoid pigments are concentrated in the retinas of birds and serve a variety of functions, including photoprotection
Body mass and food consumption There was no significant effect of sun exposure on body mass of the finches or food consumption in a 24-h period (t = −0.99, p = 0.34)
Body mass changed significantly over the course of the study, but there was no significant interaction with sun exposure

Summary

Introduction

Diet-derived carotenoid pigments are concentrated in the retinas of birds and serve a variety of functions, including photoprotection. In domesticated bird species (e.g., chickens and quail), retinal carotenoid pigmentation has been shown to respond to large manipulations in light exposure and provide protection against photodamage. Carotenoids protect the retina directly by absorbing short-wavelength, high-energy light and indirectly as antioxidants that counter oxidative stress (Krinsky et al 2003). Each cone photoreceptor subtype has a distinctly colored oil droplet pigmented with specific types and concentrations of carotenoids (Goldsmith et al 1984). These oil droplets are located between the inner and outer segment of the receptor and, in this position; they alter the composition and intensity of light reaching the visual pigment. Increased carotenoid accumulation in the avian retina, through dietary supplementation, has been shown to reduce light-induced photoreceptor death and the formation of N-retinyl-N-retetinylidene ethanolamin (A2E), a marker of light-induced oxidative damage (Thomson et al 2002a, b; Bhosale et al 2009)

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