Abstract
Here, we investigated the possible use of the technology known as non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma on integration and control of cytokine release of soft tissue on titanium surface. After NTAPP was applied to titanium samples, changes of surface characteristics were measured as topographical features, contact angle, surface tension, and with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Protein absorption was evaluated using a bovine serum albumin absorption assay. The attachment, viability, morphology, proliferation, and cytokine release of soft tissue on titanium were assessed. No change in topographical features was observed between control and NTAPP-treated groups. However, NTAPP treatment resulted in significant lowering of the contact angle for polar and non-polar liquids and increase of surface tension. Protein absorption was significantly enhanced on the NTAPP-treated samples. Normal soft tissue attachment was improved on the NTAPP-treated groups with good viability. Cellular morphology was improved in NTAPP-treated groups whereas cellular proliferation was not enhanced. There was a significant reduction in the amounts of cytokine release for inflamed IHOK and hTERT-hNOF on the NTAPP-treated groups; except for IL-8 for IHOKs. This study demonstrates that surface functional consequences by NTAPP exposure enhanced behavior of oral soft tissue cells without topographical change.
Highlights
The success of dental implants is reliant upon the integration of soft tissue surrounding the titanium abutment
There was no significant difference in surface roughness (Sa, Ra) values between the control and non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAPP)-treated groups
Chemical shifts and changes in the chemical composition for the control and NTAPP-treated groups were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Both groups showed C1s peaks with the dominant peak corresponding to the hydrocarbon (-CH) at a binding energy of 284.9 eV (C1), this decreased after NTAPP treatment (Fig. 3A)
Summary
The success of dental implants is reliant upon the integration of soft tissue surrounding the titanium abutment. Most studies have focused on attempts to enhance the viability, attachment, and proliferation of normal cells[20,21] It remains uncertain whether NTAPP-treated titanium might simultaneously enhance soft tissue attachment, which is associated with the clinical success of implants, while positively impacting the inflamed soft tissues that are present in the majority of patients with symptoms necessitating implants. To address these issues, we investigated the biological activities of normal and inflamed soft tissue cultured on control and NTAPP-treated titanium in this study. The null hypothesis was; 1) there would be no difference in integration of normal soft tissue between control and NTAPP-treated titanium, 2) there would be no difference in cytokine release of inflamed soft tissue between control and NTAPP-treated titanium
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