Abstract
Anemia is still a public health problem in the world and in Indonesia. WHO (2008) reported more than 75% of anemia in Asia is iron deficiency and 63.5% anemia in Indonesia is caused by lack of nutrition. Previous studies described that lead (Plumbum /Pb) can decrease hemoglobin levels. Sriwedari markets book sellers and Solo Wholesale Centers street vendors are susceptible populations exposed to Pb as a result of motor vehicle exhaust. Approximately 70% of Pb in vehicle exhausts emissions are emitted into the air. This study aimed to analyze the effects of Pb exposure on blood Pb concentration and hemoglobin levels. This study was a quantitative observational analytic study with cross sectional design conducted in 2015-2016 at Sriwedari Market. Samples were 97 respondents obtained through random sampling and Spearman correlation was used for data analysis. Result showed that there were association between Pb exposure in the air and blood Pb levels (p=0,000; r=0,606) and blood Pb levels and hemoglobin levels (p=0,000; r=-0,623)
Highlights
The use of motorized vehicles is a major requirement for the present community
The high intensity of motor vehicles usage in Indonesia may increase the levels of Pb in the air and increase the risk for anemia due to Pb (Laila, 2013)
This study aimed to analyze the effects of Pb exposure on blood Pb concentration and hemoglobin levels of Sriwedari Market’s book sellers and Solo Wholesale Center’s street vendors
Summary
The use of motorized vehicles is a major requirement for the present community. Use of motor vehicles in Indonesia is increasing from year to year and leads to the high amount of gasoline consumption (Nurbaya and Wijayanti, 2010). Book sellers of Sriwedari markets and street vendors of Solo Wholesale Center are informal sector workers or vulnerable populations to Pb exposure as a result of motor vehicle exhaust. This study aimed to analyze the effects of Pb exposure on blood Pb concentration and hemoglobin levels of Sriwedari Market’s book sellers and Solo Wholesale Center’s street vendors. The results showed that the average concentration of Pb in the air was 0,041 μg/ Nm3 with the lowest concentration of 0.018 μg/ Nm3 in the book market and 0.074 μg/Nm3 is the highest levels on street vendors. According to the Government Regulation Number 41 year 1999 regarding Air Pollution Control mentioned that quality standard of Pb in ambient air is 2 μg/Nm3, the measurement results of Pb concentration derived from vehicles, both on the book market and street vendors were still safe because it was below the quality standard value.
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