Abstract
<p>The impact of glaciers on the Quaternary evolution of mountainous landscapes remains controversial. While in-situ low-temperature thermochronology offers insights on past rock exhumation and landscape erosion, it also suffers from biases due to the difficulty of sampling bedrocks buried under the ice of glaciers. Detrital thermochronology attempts to bypass this issue by sampling sediments at, e.g. the catchment outlet, that may originate from beneath the ice. However, the age distribution resulting from detrital thermochronology does not only inform on the catchment exhumation, but also on the patterns and rates of surface erosion and sediment transport. In this study, we use a new version of a glacial landscape evolution model, iSOSIA to address the role of erosion and sediment transport by the ice on the form of synthetic detrital age distributions and thus, for inferred catchment erosion from such data. Sediments are tracked as Lagrangian particles that can be formed by bedrock erosion, transported by ice or hillslope processes and deposited. We apply our model to the Tiedemann glacier (British Columbia, Canada), which has simple morphological characteristics, such as a straight form and no connectivity with large tributary glaciers. Synthetic detrital age distributions are generated by specifying an erosion history, then sampling sediment particles at the frontal moraine of the modelled glacier. The detrital ages are represented as synoptic probability density functions (SPDFs).</p><p>A characterization of sediment transport shows that 1500 years are required to reach an equilibrium for detrital particles age distributions, due to the large range of particle transport times from their sources to the frontal moraine. Second, varying sampling locations and strategies at the glacier front lead to varying detrital SPDFs, even at equilibrium. These discrepancies are related to (i) the selective storage of a large proportion of sediments in small tributary glaciers and in lateral moraines, (ii) the large range of particle transport times, due to varying transport lengths and to a strong variability of glacier ice velocity, (iii) the heterogeneous pattern of erosion, (iv) the advective nature of glacier sediment transport along ice streamlines that leads to a poor lateral mixing of particle detrital signatures inside the frontal moraine. Third, systematic comparisons between (U-Th)/He and fission track detrital ages, with different age-elevation profiles and relative age uncertainties, show that (i) the age increasing rate with elevation largely controls the ability to track sediment sources, and (ii) qualitative first-order information about distribution of erosion may still be extracted from thermochronological system with high variable uncertainties (> 30 %). Overall, our distributions in glaciated catchments are strongly impacted by erosion and transport processes and by their spatial variability. Combined with bedrock age distributions, detrital thermochronology can offer a means to constrain the transport pattern and time of sediment particles. However, results also suggest that detrital age distributions of glacial features like frontal moraines, are likely to reflect a transient case as the time required to reach detrital thermochronological equilibrium is of the order of the short-timescale glaciers dynamic variability, as little ice ages or recent glaciers recessions.</p>
Highlights
Glaciers have left a profound impact on the topography of mountainous landscapes in particular by eroding deep glacial valleys and depositing large volume of sediments in moraines
We have modelled the effect of erosion, ice transport and deposition on the distribution of thermochronological 30 ages found in the frontal moraine of the Tiedemann glacier (British Columbia, Canada)
Considering the kinematics of sediment particle transport reveals that equilibrium, in the relative proportions of particles sources within the frontal moraine, is reached after 1500 yrs of ice transport. This result reflects the timescale of glacier dynamics and suggests that detrital SPDFs, in glaciated alpine catchments, are likely to reflect a transient case, especially for recent glacial deposits due for instance to glacier retreat
Summary
Glaciers have left a profound impact on the topography of mountainous landscapes in particular by eroding deep glacial valleys and depositing large volume of sediments in moraines. As glacier dynamics are linked to climate, an active area of research aims to characterize the role of glacial erosion on the dynamics and relief development of mountain belts during the recent Quaternary glaciations (e.g. Zachos et al, 2001; Molnar and England, 1990; Beaumont et al, 1992; Montgomery, 2002; 10 Brozović et al, 1997; Whipple et al, 2009; Steer et al, 2012; Champagnac et al, 2014) To address these questions, two timescales have typically been considered: a longer timescale (105-106 years) to assess the potential glacial imprint on the landscape, and a shorter timescale (101-104 years) to understand how ice erodes the landscape. Sediments are transported by glaciers by (i) subglacial water flow through cavity or channel systems (Kirkbride, 2002; Alley et al, 1997; Spedding, 2000), and (ii) by ice internal deformation for sediments incorporated within or above the ice (Hambrey et al, 1999; Goodsell et al, 2005)
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